WGU D115 Advanced Pathophysiology Exam 2024 Version with All Questions from Actual Past Exam and 100% Correct Answer
A two-year-old child presents to a clinic with acute pyelonephritis for the third time in four months. An advanced practice registered nurse (APRN) suspects vesicoureteral reflux and orders a voiding cystourethrograph scan. Results indicate reflux into dilated ureter or blunting of calyceal fornices.Which grade should the APRN document?
- Grade V
- Grade II
- Grade III
- Grade IV --------- Correct Answer --------- C) Grade III
Amniocentesis is recommended for pregnant with what history?
- Have experienced in vitro fertilization
- Have a history of chronic illness
- Had a late menarche
- Have a family history of genetic disorders --------- Correct Answer --------- D) Have a
family history of genetic disorders Amniocentesis is recommended for pregnant women 35 and older, women with a positive prenatal screening test, chromosomal condition or neural tube defect in previous pregnancy, family history of genetic disorders, or abnormal ultrasound results.
What is the technique for prenatal diagnosis of chromosomal abnormalities at 10 to 12 weeks' gestation?
- Chorionic villus sampling
- Amniocentesis
- Linkage analysis
- Gene mapping --------- Correct Answer --------- A) Chorionic villus sampling
Amniocentesis is usually performed during the 15th week of pregnancy or later. CVS is usually performed between the 10th and 13th weeks of pregnancy.
What is the term for an error in which homologous chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis or mitosis?
- Polyploidy
- Nondisjunction
- Aneuploidy
- Translocation --------- Correct Answer --------- B) Nondisjunction
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Nondisjunction means that a pair of homologous chromosomes has failed to separate or segregate at anaphase so that both chromosomes of the pair pass to the same daughter cell. This probably occurs most commonly in meiosis, but it may occur in mitosis to produce a mosaic individual.
What is the most common cause of Down syndrome?
- Maternal nondisjunction
- Maternal translocations
- Paternal translocation
- Paternal nondisjunction --------- Correct Answer --------- A) Maternal nondisjunction
Down syndrome is usually caused by an error in cell division called "nondisjunction." Nondisjunction results in an embryo with three copies of chromosome 21 instead of the usual two. In the majority of cases, the extra copy of chromosome 21 comes from the mother in the egg.
What syndrome, characterized by an absent homologous X chromosome with only a single X chromosome, exhibits features that include a short stature, widely spaced nipples, and webbed neck?
- Klinefelter
- Cri du chat
- Turner
- Down --------- Correct Answer --------- C) Turner
A chromosomal disorder in which a female is born with only one X chromosomeTurner syndrome results from a missing or incomplete sex chromosome.Symptoms include short stature, delayed puberty, infertility, heart defects, and certain learning disabilities.
When a child inherits a disease that is autosomal recessive, it is inherited from whom?
- Both parents
- Father
- Mother
- Grandparent --------- Correct Answer --------- A) Both parents
To have an autosomal recessive disorder, you inherit two mutated genes, one from each parent. These disorders are usually passed on by two carriers.
A person with 47, XXY karyotype has the genetic disorder resulting in which syndrome?
- Down
- Turner
- Fragile X
- Klinefelter --------- Correct Answer --------- D) Klinefelter
Klinefelter Syndrome (47, XXY) is a chromosomal variation in males in which one extra X chromosome is present, resulting in a 47,XXY karyotype.
Cystic fibrosis is caused by what type of gene?
- X-linked dominant
- X-linked recessive
- Autosomal dominant
- Autosomal recessive --------- Correct Answer --------- D) Autosomal recessive
Cystic fibrosis is an example of an autosomal recessive disease. That means a person must have a mutation in both copies of the CFTR gene to have CF.
The BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations increase the risk of which cancer in women? 2 / 4
- Ovarian
- Colon
- Lung
- Uterine --------- Correct Answer --------- A) Ovarian
Women who have a BRCA1 or BRCA2 genetic mutation are at an increased risk of breast, ovarian, and pancreatic cancers.
Prader-Willi syndrome causes a chromosomal defect that is what?
- Inherited from the father
- Transferred from mother to child
- Initiated by postnatal exposure to a virus
- Related to maternal alcohol abuse --------- Correct Answer --------- A) Inherited from
the father Prader-Willi syndrome is a genetic disorder usually caused by deletion of a part of chromosome 15 passed down by the father.
Which type of immunity is produced by an individual after either natural exposure to the antigen or after immunization against the antigen?
- Active-innate immunity
- Passive-acquired immunity
- Passive-innate immunity
- Active-acquired immunity --------- Correct Answer --------- D) Active-acquired
immunity Active immunity is defined as immunity to a pathogen that occurs following exposure to said pathogen through having the disease or a vaccine.
What type of immunity is produced when an immunoglobulin crosses the placenta?
- Passive-innate immunity
- Active-innate immunity
- Active-acquired immunity
- Passive-acquired immunity --------- Correct Answer --------- D) Passive-acquired
immunity Passive immunity is provided when a person is given antibodies to a disease rather than producing them through his or her own immune system. A newborn baby acquires passive immunity from its mother through the placenta.
Where are antibodies produced?
- Thymus gland
- Bone marrow
- Helper T lymphocytes
- Plasma cells --------- Correct Answer --------- D) Plasma cells
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Antibodies are produced by a type of white blood cell called a B cell (B lymphocyte). B cells develop from stem cells in bone marrow. When B cells become activated due to the presence of a particular antigen, they develop into plasma cells. Plasma cells create antibodies specific to a certain antigen.
Which antibody initially indicates a typical primary immune response?
- IgG
- IgA
- IgM
- IgE --------- Correct Answer --------- C) IgM
IgM is found mainly in blood and lymph fluid, this is the first antibody the body makes when it fights a new infection.
The common hay fever allergy is expressed through a reaction that is mediated by which class of immunoglobulins?
- IgM
- IgG
- T cells
- IgE --------- Correct Answer --------- D) IgE
Hay fever occurs when the immune system mistakes a normally harmless airborne substance for a threat. The body produces an antibody called immunoglobulin E (IgE) to attack the threat, and it releases the chemical histamine.
What are blood transfusion reactions an example of?
- Autoimmunity
- Hypersensitivity
- Homoimmunity
- Alloimmunity --------- Correct Answer --------- D) Alloimmunity
Alloimmunity is a type of immunity that produces an immune response against antigens from members of the same species. Examples of this include when the body attacks transplanted tissues resulting in graft rejection or blood transfusions.
Which statement is true regarding immunodeficiency?
- Immunodeficiency is a result of a postnatal mutation.
- Immunodeficiency is never acquired; rather, it is congenital.
- Immunodeficiency is almost immediately symptomatic.
- Immunodeficiency is generally not present in other family members. --------- Correct
Answer --------- D) Immunodeficiency is generally not present in other family members.Immunodeficiency, also known as immunocompromisation, is a state in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious diseases and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. Most cases are acquired due to extrinsic factors that affect the patient's immune system.
A healthcare professional advises patients to exercise because it has a probable impact on reducing which cancer?
- Endometrial
- Stomach
- Liver
- Colon --------- Correct Answer --------- D) Colon
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Exercise increases antioxidant levels and DNA repair. It can also affect growth factor production and insulin metabolism in ways that reduce inflammation and increase