WGU C785 Final Exam What is the basic structure of an amino acid? What do they look like?(ANS- amino group (NH2 or NH3), carboxyl group (COO or COOH), alpha carbon (C), and variable group
How do you identify the 3 different types of side chains: non-polar/hydrophobic, polar, and charged?(ANS- Non-polar/hydrophobic - end with CH or "can't have" water. Polar - end with OH, SH, or NH. Charged - end with a charge
what kinds of bonds do each of the 3 different types of side chains make?(ANS- ionic, hydrophobic/non-polar, charged
What are the 4 levels of protein structure?(ANS- Primary - linear structure, Secondary - Folded into helix or pleated sheet caused by hydrogen bonding, tertiary - 3D structure caused by side chain interactions, quaternary - 1+ amino acid chains combine = multiple subunits MUST have 1+ subunit
What enviormental change breaks each type of bond?(ANS- hydrophobic - temperature change, ionic - salt or decreased pH, hydrogen - temperature, change in pH, disulfide - reducing agents
what type of amino acid side chain leads to protein aggregration?(ANS- hydrophobic bonds
how do environmental changes affect protein folding?(ANS- Extreme temp can cause hydrogen bonds to break apart = malformation of protein folding
how do mutations affect protein structure?(ANS- Can cause structure to change. Protein loses form = loses function. May form a different protein. 1 / 3
What is an electron?(ANS- Negatively charged atom on outer ring for bonding
What is energy:
(ANS- Power derived fro chemical interaction
what are covalent bonds?(ANS- chemical bond, atoms share 1+ valence electrons
what is an ionic bond?(ANS- bond between positive and negative
what is a hydrogen bond?(ANS- weak bond between positive and negative
with an amino?(ANS- piece of amino acid, NH2 or NH3
what is a carboyxl?(ANS- piece of amino acid, COO or COOH
What is hydrophobic?(ANS- Doesn't like water, end with CH
what is hydrophilic?(ANS- Water Lovering, end with OH, NH, or SH
what is disulfide bond?(ANS- strongest bond between reduction agents, formed between SH's.
what are zwitterions?(ANS- amino with positive and negative charges = overall charge of zero
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what is a polypeptide (ANS- polymer of amino acids
What is dehydration synthesis?(ANS- Process of forming peptide bonds
what is hydrolysis?(ANS- adding water to destroy bonds
what is an alpha helix?(ANS- twisted secondary structure, formed by hydrogen bonds
what is a beta sheet?(ANS- folded second structure shape, formed by hydrogen bonds
what is denaturation?(ANS- loss of shape duet o interruption of chemical bonds; occurs via extreme salt, temp, pH
what is aggregation?(ANS- clumping of inner or outer cellular proteins caused by misfolded proteins leading to diseases such as Alzheimers, ALS, Parkinson's
how do enzymes catalyze reactions?(ANS- bind with substrates to decrease activation energy required and decrease reaction rate
how do enzymes affect reaction rate and activation energy?(ANS- decrease activation energy and decrease reaction rate
what are the 4 steps of the enzymatic cycle?(ANS- enzyme recognizes substrate, substrate attracts the enzyme; enzyme- substrate complex is formed; enzyme-product complex formed; product is released, enzyme recycled
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