NR-507 Advanced Pathophysiology
Week 4 Exam Q & A
Urinary Incontinence in men
Correct Answer:
two sphincters Internal urethral sphincter located at neck of the bladder.External urethral sphincter located below the prostate.When bladder is full, stretch receptors send signal to the spinal cord and the brain.
stress incontinence
Correct Answer:
the inability to control the voiding of urine under physical stress such as running, sneezing, laughing, or coughing. Caused by increased abdominal pressure that overwhelms sphincter muscles and causes urine to leak out.Urinary leakage with pressure applied to abdomen. Bad in men after TURP procedure. In women It can me a result of hyper-mobility related to child birth. In women with a moved sphincter the levator ani is above it so it can not stop leakage.
Treatments include: Kegel exercises.
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Urge incontinence
Correct Answer:
state in which a person experiences involuntary passage of urine that occurs soon after a strong sense of urgency to void. Typically caused by uninhibited detrusor muscle causing contractions at random. Results in frequent urination, especially at night. Patients could also have decreased bladder compliance preventing bladder from holding urine properly.
Treatment: Decrease detrusor muscle activity. Antimuscarinic medications
can decrease detrusor muscle contractions.
overflow incontinence
Correct Answer:
involuntary loss of urine associated with overdistention and overflow of the bladder (caused by BPH). Or can be caused by ineffective detrusor muscle.results in weak stream as well as hesitancy.
Treatment: re-establishing clear pathway (Catheterization), or medications
such as Alpha blockers which can shrink prostate gland.
Urinary Incontinence Treatment
Correct Answer:
Behavioral strategies (bladder training, pelvic floor strengthening), pharmacologic (anticholinergic medications, alpha adrenergic medications), surgical (relief of mechanical obstruction) cut down on alcohol or caffeine
glomerulus
Correct Answer:
A ball of capillaries surrounded by Bowman's capsule in the nephron and serving as the site of filtration in the vertebrate kidney. 2 / 4
filtrate
Correct Answer:
fluid that passes from the blood through the capillary walls of the glomeruli of the kidney micro-molecules sodium glucose amino acids
proximal tubule
Correct Answer:
In the vertebrate kidney, the portion of a nephron immediately downstream from Bowman's capsule that conveys and helps refine filtrate. (sodium glucose and water gets pumped back into blood flow.
Loop of Henle (nephron loop)
Correct Answer:
Make the renal medulla salty ascending part not permeable to water.Descending only permeable to water.
distal tubule
Correct Answer:
Between the loop of Henle and the collecting duct; Selective reabsorption and secretion occur here, most notably to regulate reabsorption of water and sodium
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Women are at a higher risk for the development of a UTI because of having a shorter urethra?
Correct Answer:
true
Which of the following can help to prevent a UTI?
- Douching to prevent the growth of bacteria
- Taking more Vitamin D
- Use spermicides during sexual intercourse
- Increase water consumption
Correct Answer:
Water consumption prevents UTI as it keeps bacteria flushed out of the urinary tract.
Which of the following is true regarding a complicated urinary tract infection?
- Bacteria is located mostly in the lower urinary tract
- Can be caused by a structural urinary tract disorder
- Is associated with young adults
- It is usually asymptomatic
Correct Answer:
A complicated UTI can be caused by a structural issue in the urinary tract.
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