NR 546 week 5
Unipolar Depression (Ans- Mood disorders manifest across a spectrum from mania to major depressive disorder (MDD).prevalence highest (13.1%) among individuals aged 18-25 (MDD)
Common symptoms of MDD (Ans- depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities, irritability, withdrawal, and problems with sleep, eating, energy, concentration, or self-worth. Clients with severe depression may experience thoughts of suicide or psychotic symptoms.
Bipolar Disorders (Ans- a chronic condition characterized by extreme fluctuations in mood, energy, and ability to function. The World Mental Health Survey Initiative reported total lifetime prevalence estimates of 2.4% Moods may be manic, hypomanic, or depressed and may include mixed mood or psychotic features.diagnosed when a client has one or more episodes of mania or hypomania with a history of one or more major depressive episodes.high risk for suicide
Bipolar Type I: Diagnosis
(Ans- requires at least one episode of mania for at least one week (or any duration if hospitalization due to symptoms is required).Mania is characterized by a persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood.
symptoms of bipolar type I (Ans- Related symptoms may include inflated self-esteem, increased goal- directed activity or energy, including grandiosity, decreased need for sleep, excessive talkativeness, racing thoughts, flight of ideas (FOI), distractibility, psychomotor agitation, and a propensity to be involved in high-risk 1 / 3
activities. Mania leads to significant functional impairment and may include psychotic features or necessitate hospitalization
Bipolar Type II Disorder Diagnosis (Ans- requires a current or past hypomanic episode and a current or past major depressive episode.Symptoms last for at least 4 days but fewer than seven.Anger and irritability are common. Clients often enjoy the elevation of mood and are reluctant to report these symptoms, making bipolar more difficult to diagnose if the client presents in the depression phase.
Cyclothymia:
(Ans- involves the chronic presentation of hypomanic and depressive symptoms that do not meet the diagnostic criteria for a major depressive or manic/hypomanic episode.
Key point (Ans- Bipolar I depression may be misdiagnosed as major depressive disorder (MDD) essential to rule out past episodes of hypomania or mania Clients are reluctant to report mania or hypomania symptoms If bipolar depression is mistaken for MDD, antidepressant therapy may precipitate a manic episode or induce rapid-cycling bipolar depression, which may contribute to the increased incidence of death by suicide in children and adults younger than 25.Antidepressants are used cautiously in clients with bipolar disorder and never as monotherapy. Antidepressants should be combined with a mood stabilizer to prevent the onset of a hypomanic or manic episode.
Decreased positive affect: DA,NE Dysfunction
Symptoms (Ans- depressed mood loss of joy 2 / 3
lack of interest loss of energy decreased alertness decreased self-confidence appetite changes
Increased negative affect: 5HT, NE Dysfunction
Symptoms (Ans- depressed mood guilt fear/anxiety hostility irritability loneliness appetite changes
Genetics of MDD and BPD (Ans- Gene and genome-wide association studies have identified candidate genes for contributing to both MDD and BPD; however, the causes of mood disorders are complex and likely involve interactions between
genetic/epigenetic, biological, psychological, and social factors including:
dysfunctions in brain imbalance of neurotransmitters life events abuse or trauma substance use or medication menstruation season changes
Neural Networks of MDD and BPD (Ans- The classic monoamine hypothesis of depression posits that depression occurs as a result of a deficiency of one or all three monoamine transmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine), while mania may result from an excess; however, this hypothesis has limitations. Stahl
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