TEST 3 - Advanced Pathophysiology Summer 2018 UTA 5315 Latest Update 2023-2024 Questions and Verified Correct Answers Guaranteed Success
*Cerebellar Tonsillar Herniation* - Correct Answer:*Most common* type of brain
herniation
Patho: Downward movement of the cerebellum through the foramen magnum
Signs: *Stiff neck, decreased LOC, respiratory abnormalities, pulse variations*
- stages of shock - Correct Answer:1. Nonprogressive. Early shock. In an attempt to
maintain perfusion, heart rate increases & vasoconstriction occurs to maintain perfusion and increase blood pressure.
- Progressive. Body is no longer able to compensate. Hypoxia, anaerobic cellular
metabolism (creation of energy with carbs in the absence of oxygen), & production of lactic acid. MULTI-ORGAN FAILURE OCCURS.
- Irreversible shock. Organs are permanently and severely damaged. Patient will not
survive.
4 stages of Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy - Correct Answer:The higher the
number, the more widespread the tau protein accumulation & worse the disease
Stage I: p-tau neurofibrillary tangles are isolated to cerebral cortex
Stage 4: p-tau proteins are widespread throughout brain
Acute Confusional State (Delirium) - Correct Answer:Sudden cerebral dysfunction; patient may be normal one minute and delirious the next.
Signs: Confusion, agitation, memory impairments, distractibility, compulsive behavior, obsessions
Causes are usually correctable: ETOH withdrawal, drug intoxication, siezures,
electrolyte imbalances (sodium & calcium), hypoglycemia, hypoxia, hypercapnia, infection, head injury
Acute Coronary Syndrome - Correct Answer:Broad term which emcompasses three
diagnoses:
Unstable angina, Non ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction, ST elevation infarction
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Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome - Correct Answer:Type of respiratory failure which results from massive lung inflammation and widespread alveolar capillary damage
Damage significantly impairs gas exchange and the patient will have significant issues with oxygenation
Causes: Pneumonia, sepsis, massive trauma, burns, aspiration, DIC, pancreatitis
Acute Respiratory Failure - Correct Answer:-Hypoxemia resp. failure = PaO2 less than or equal to 50 (norm 80-100) -Hypercapnia resp. failure = PaCO2 greater than or equal to 50 (norm 35-45) -In either case, main disfunction is an impairment in diffusion
All Hematomas... - Correct Answer:-Compress brain tissue
-Increase intracranial pressure -Brain herniation if bleed is not resolved
Alzheimer's Disease - Correct Answer:Most common form of dementia
Death occurs 5-10 years after onset
Alzheimer's Patho - Correct Answer:1. Accumulation of amyloid (starch like protein) in brain
- Accumulation causes neufibrillary tangles (distortion & twisting of neurons)
- Senile plaques form
- Senile plaques lead to disrupted nerve impulse transmission and neuron death
Anaphylactic Shock - Correct Answer:Results from pathologic immune and
inflammatory reaction to an antigen, leading to widespread VASODILATION.Type I hypersensitivity.IgE mediated.
Anterior Cerebral Artery - Correct Answer:Occlusion of this artery results in
*contralateral (opposite of injury) hemiparesis* and *loss of sensation*; symptoms will be more present in *lower extremities*
Anterior Inferior Artery - Correct Answer:Occlusion would cause vomiting, vertigo, nystagmus (eyes flutter), decreased lacrimation (tears production), decreased taste, decreased corneal reflex, decreased pain and temperature sensation in face, decreased ipsilateral (same side as injury) hearing
Aortic Valve Regurgitation - Correct Answer:-Valve is TOO WIDE or TOO NARROW,
blood doesn't pass through effectively, causing back flow of blood into the left ventricle
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-Marked by EARLY DIASTOLIC MURMUR (on systole, heart contracts and pushes blood up the aorta, but on diastole, heart relaxes and ineffective aortic valve is not able to hold blood up in aorta, so blood falls and makes a swish sound, which is the murmur) -Most commonly caused by AORTIC ROOT DILATION(starting point of aorta is too wide) -Other causes: infective endocarditis, rheumatic fever, aortitis from syphilis, coarctation (congenital narrowing of aorta), aortic dissection (tear), ankylosing spondylitis (inflammatory arthritis)
-Acute: increases left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) (increased blood back down in the left ventricle increases pressure), decreased stroke volume (not much blood is being pushed from left ventricle because blood's backed up and overwhelming left ventricle), normal or decreased pulse pressure, decreased cardiac output (aor
Aortic Valve Stenosis - Correct Answer:-Most common valvular disease
-Most common causes are aortic valve CALCIFICATION (stiffening) in people over 60; congenital aortic valve stenosis in people less than 30 -Normal valve 3 cm; symptoms seen when valve less than 1 cm; severe when valve is less than 0.5 cm -Narrowed valve prevents outflow from left ventricle to aorta. This backs up blood to the left atrium and ultimately floods the lung causing PULMONARY EDEMA S/Sx: Pulmonary hypertension/edema, poor outflow of aorta to body (aorta sends out oxygenated blood to body), causing fainting or chest pain Simplified: Aorta is stiff and can't send out oxygenated blood properly to the body, depriving tissues of oxygen. Blood gets backed up into lungs, causing pulmonary edema.
Aseptic Meningitis - Correct Answer:Causitive organism can't be found or it's viral
Asthma - Correct Answer:-Reactive airway disease triggered by an allergic reaction -IgE mediated reaction -Airway narrows, causing dyspnea and wheezing -Results in smooth muscle hypertrophy, goblet cell hyperplasia, thickening and hyalinization of the basement membranes, proliferation of eosinophils, bronchial mucous plugs.-Exacerbations often trigged by viral infection.-RSV is most common asthma trigger for infants and toddlers
Asthma in Children - Correct Answer:-Affects boys more often
-Severity is largely based on socioeconomic status -Vit D deficiency may play a role in asthma. Vit D is anti-inflammatory and mediates t- cell immune responses -RSV is most common asthma trigger for infants and toddlers
Atherosclerosis Causes - Correct Answer:-Begins with tissue injury
Sources of injury:
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