Rasmussen Pathophysiology Exam 1 – Q’s & A’s function of mitochondria ✔️Ans - ATP production/cellular respiration, powerhouse of the cell Rough ER ✔️Ans - That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes.Smooth ER ✔️Ans - That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is free of ribosomes.Homeostasis ✔️Ans - A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level Hypertrophy ✔️Ans - increase in muscle/tissue size, excessive development atrophy ✔️Ans - the wasting away of a body organ or tissue; any progressive decline or failure; to waste away Ischemia ✔️Ans - an inadequate blood supply to an organ or part of the body, especially the heart muscles.S/S of Objective Data ✔️Ans - Any observations made by using your senses (pts. blood pressure, physical findings, and lab values) S/S of Subjective Data ✔️Ans - Any symptoms pt. complains of, what the pt. feels (pain) Epinephrine ✔️Ans - Neurotransmitter secreted by the adrenal medulla in response to stress. Also known as adrenaline.Renin ✔️Ans - hormone secreted by the kidney; it raises blood pressure by influencing vasoconstriction (narrowing of blood vessels) 1 / 3
What causes edema? ✔️Ans - -reduced concentration of plasma proteins -increased permeability of capillary wall -increased venous pressure -blockage of lymph vessels Signs and symptoms of fluid excess ✔️Ans - edema, dysnpea (trouble breathing), hyptertension (high bp), JVD, pulse increase and bounding, weight increase Signs and symptoms of dehydration ✔️Ans - Dry mucous membranes, decreased skin turgor, Low BP, Low pulse, fatigue, Increased HCT, decreased mental function, confusion, and loss of consciousness S/S of hypocalcemia ✔️Ans - - muscle twitches/tetany
- hyperactive DTRs
- positive Chvostek's sign (tapping on the facial nerve triggering facial
- positive Trousseau's sign (hand/finger spasms with sustained blood
- seizures
twitching)
pressure cuff inflation)
Osmosis ✔️Ans - Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane Diffusion ✔️Ans - Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.active transport ✔️Ans - Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference Effect of hypertonic solution ✔️Ans - cell shrinks and can die effect of a hypotonic solution ✔️Ans - cell swells and can burst active immunity ✔️Ans - A form of acquired immunity in which the body produces its own antibodies against disease-causing antigens. 2 / 3
passive immunity ✔️Ans - An individual does not produce his or her own antibodies, but rather receives them directly from another source, such as mother to infant through breast milk Examples of active immunity ✔️Ans - natural infection, vaccines, Examples of passive immunity ✔️Ans - IgA in breast milk, maternal IgG crossing placenta, antitoxin, humanized monoclonal antibody acquired immunity ✔️Ans - Immunity that is present only after exposure and is highly specific.examples of acquired immunity ✔️Ans - 1) having the infection 2) vaccination innate immunity ✔️Ans - Immunity that is present before exposure and effective from birth. Responds to a broad range of pathogens.Examples of innate immunity ✔️Ans - skin, hair, cilia, mucus membranes, digestive enzymes, stomach acidity, inflammatory response, fever, inflammation
- P's of compartment syndrome ✔️Ans - pain, pallor, pulselessness,
paralysis, paresthesia Signs and symptoms of compartment syndrome ✔️Ans - severe pain or burning sensation decreased strength in the extremity paralysis of the extremity pain with movement extremity feeling hard to palpation distal pulses, motor and sensory function possibly normal
emergency care focuses on treating any life threatening injuries first:
immobilize and splint the affected extremity and apply a cold pack or ice it is extremely important to transport the patient since he may lose the limb if compartment syndrome is not treated quickly and effectively Osteoarthritis ✔️Ans - inflammation of the bones and joints
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