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Rasmussen College MDC 2 Exam 1 Study Guide 1.Benign cells
: Normal cells growing in the wrong place or at the wrong time
2.Benign Cell Features
: o Harmless o Do not usually
require intervention oSlow growing oTight Adherence oSpecific morphology oSmall nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio oSpecific differentiated functions oTight adherence oOrderly growth oNo migration oNormal chromosomes 3.Benign cell looks similar to a
: healthy cell
4.Examples of Benign cells
: o Skin Tag
oMole oNasal Polyp oUterine Fibroids oEndometriosis 1 / 4
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5.Malignant cells
: indicates cancer and can be harmful to normal body tissues and result
in death 6.Malignant cell features
: o Large nucleus
oMigration oDoesn't stop and replicates (No contact inhibition) oLoose adherence oRapid or continuous cell division oLoss of cellular regulation oAbnormal chromosomes (< or > 23) o 7.Seven warning signs of cancer
: o C-Change in bowel or bladder patterns
oA-A sore that doesn't heal oU-Unusual bleeding or d/c
- T-Thickening or lump on breast or elsewhere
oI-Indigestion or difficulty swallowing oO-Obvious change in wart or mole oN-Nagging cough or hoarseness 8.Cancer development stages of malignancy
: o Initiation
oPromotion oProgression oMetastasis 9.Initiation (Stage of malignancy)
: Normal cells are damaged and irreversible 2 / 4
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10.Promotion
: Repeated exposure>Enhances growth of malignant cells
11.Progression
: Increase in production of malignant cells
12.Metastasis
: Cells move from primary site to the rest of the body
13.Carcinogenesis/oncogenesis
: cancer development
14.Cancer classification
: o Grading o Ploidy
oStaging oTNM oDoubling time and mitotic index 15.Grading
: Looking under microscope and determine level/degree of mutation of
cancer cell from normal cells oEx. 1= No mutation o4= Severe mutation 16.Ploidy
: Number of chromosomes
17.Staging
: How large is the primary tumor and how far has it spread
18.TNM
: o T-Tumor (How large is primary or 2nd) 3 / 4
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oN- Node (Are regional lymph nodes invaded by cancer cell) oM-Metastasis (0=None, 1=There is metastasis) o 19.Doubling time and mitotic index
: Period of time required for that quantity to double in size (Tells how
aggressive cancer grows) oStage 1=Localized oStage 4= Spread across the body 20.Cancer prevention primary
: o Sunscreen
oAvoid smoking oRemoval of "at risk" tissue (mole) oChemoprevention oVaccine (HPV) 21.Cancer prevention secondary
: o Mammogram
oPap smear oProstate test 22.Cancer prevention tertiary
: People who are already affected and getting treat- ment (examples
below) oChemo oRadiation oSurgery, etc.o 23.Types of cancers
: carcinoma, sarcoma, melanoma, lymphoma, leukemia, blas- toma
24.Carcinoma
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