PUBH 6011 Final Questions with Complete Solutions (Latest 2025) Understand the major function of cells - Correct Answers
✅Cell differentiation: in bone marrow, adult stem cell can
reproduce and splits to either myeloid or lymphoid progenitor, which can then differentiate into many kinds of cells
Homeostasis and cell injury: many adverse biological effects
occur when cells are damaged, damage can be to any part of the cell, causes can be infectious agents, oxygen deprivation, trauma, chemicals, nutritional imbalances Apoptosis vs. Necrosis - Correct Answers ✅Apoptosis- programmed cell death, active, orderly and organized; requires energy a plan and enzymatic degradation of proteins/dna; produces neatly packed cell fragments that are recycled Necrosis- cell damage and death, passive and disorderly; produces cell debris Bacteria vs Virus - Correct Answers ✅bacteria -prokaryotic cell -most are free living -relatively large -antibiotics used to kill 1 / 4
PUBH 6011 Final Questions with Complete Solutions (Latest 2025) Virus -not a living cell (genes packaged in protein shell) -intracellular parasite -1/1000 size of a bacteria -vaccine used to prevent -antiviral treatment protein synthesis - Correct Answers ✅the formation of proteins by using information contained in DNA and carried by mRNA DNA transcription RNA translation protein Role of DNA - Correct Answers ✅storing information, copying information, and transmitting information Role of mRNA in protein synthesis (transcription) - Correct Answers ✅single stranded messenger that carries the genetic information copied from DNA in the form of a series of a three base code of words.Role of tRNA in protein synthesis (translation) - Correct Answers ✅is the key to diciphering the code words from mRNA 2 / 4
PUBH 6011 Final Questions with Complete Solutions (Latest 2025) Role of ribosomes in protein synthesis - Correct Answers ✅ribosomes are complexes made of ribosomal RNA and protein ribosomes carry out protein synthesis in two locations a minute particle consisting of RNA and associated proteins found in large numbers in the cytoplasm of living cells. They bind messenger RNA and transfer RNA to synthesize polypeptides and proteins.Explain how biological and genetic factors can influence our response to environmental hazards - Correct Answers ✅mutagens- pollutants in the environment that can enter the body and directly change your DNA sequence (ex. the chemicals in cigarette smoke can cause cancer)
Gene-gene interactions: ○ occur when pollutants in the
environment do not change your DNA sequence, but rather cause a chain reaction that affects the functioning of one gene that then affects the functioning of another gene ■ Ex. Regularly drinking way too much alcohol can cause the gene TACE not to produce enough of its protein. TACE protein is supposed to help the MTHFR gene make enough of its protein. Too little MTHRF protein changes the level of folate in our blood, and low folate levels may cause depression. 3 / 4
PUBH 6011 Final Questions with Complete Solutions (Latest 2025) ○ Transcription factors - pollutants in the environment can indirectly affect the DNA sequence by altering transcription factors, which are responsible for starting the process of using genes to make proteins that are needed for different functions in the body ■ Ex. stress can change the amount of proteins made by genes involved in your immune system and therefore, you may get sick more easily when you're stressed ○ Epigenetics - the environment can alter your health by affecting the proteins that turns genes on or off ■ Half the genes that cause familial or inherited cancer are turned off when pollutants in the environment affect these proteins. Because they are turned off, these genes cannot suppress tumor formation or repair DNA Explain the role of the microbiome and its role in disease prevention - Correct Answers ✅Microbiota → gut microbiota
- Involved in basic human biological processes
- Chronic disease have been associated with the human
- / 4
microbiota Antibiotics can disrupt microbiota The bacteria in the microbiome help digest our food, regulate our immune system, protect against other bacteria that cause disease, and produce vitamins including B vitamins