PPE 3003 FINAL EXAM REVIEW Questions With Complete Solutions Define personality - Correct Answers ✅The set of psychological traits and mechanisms within the individual that are organized and relatively enduring and that influence his or her interactions with, and adaptations to, the environment.What are three reasons personality traits are useful? - Correct Answers ✅Describe, explain & predict behavior.Personality (Psychological) Traits - Correct Answers ✅The WHAT of personality; characteristics that describe ways that people are different from each other; average tendencies.Average Tendencies - Correct Answers ✅Tendency to display a certain psychological trait with regularity.Personality Mechanisms - Correct Answers ✅The HOW of personality; the process of personality.
- Components of Personality Mechanisms - Correct Answers
✅Inputs (attention), decision rules (available options), & outputs (actual behavior) Nomothetic Research - Correct Answers ✅Involves statistical comparisons of individuals or groups, requiring samples of subjects on which to conduct research. 1 / 4
PPE 3003 FINAL EXAM REVIEW Questions With Complete Solutions Idiographic Research - Correct Answers ✅Literally "the description of one"; typically focuses on a single subject, trying to observe general principles that are manifest in a single life over time.Human Nature - Correct Answers ✅Personality features possessed by nearly everyone; how we are "like all others"; ex. the need to belong, capacity for love.Group Differences - Correct Answers ✅How people are "like some others" in their group & different from other groups as a whole; ex. age, gender, political differences.Individual Differences - Correct Answers ✅Ways in which we are each "like some others"/different from some others; ex. extraverts, high/low attention seeking.Individual Uniqueness - Correct Answers ✅How we are "like no others"; Everyone has unique qualities not shared by any other person.What are the four sources of data collected by personality psychologists? - Correct Answers ✅Self-Report Data (S- Data), Observer Report Data (O-Data), Test Data (T-Data), Life-Outcome Data (L-Data) 2 / 4
PPE 3003 FINAL EXAM REVIEW Questions With Complete Solutions Self-Report Data (S-Data) - Correct Answers ✅The information a person reveals; done through interviews, reports, questionnaires, checklists, etc.; can be unstructured (open-ended q's) or structured (forced choice q's); good because people know stuff about themselves that others don't, bad because people can lie.Observer Report Data (O-Data) - Correct Answers ✅The information that friends, families, casual acquaintances, etc.can reveal about a person's personality; done through professional personality assessors or intimate observers, & in a naturalistic or artificial setting; good because multiple observers & they may have access to info not attainable through other sources.Test Data (T-Data) - Correct Answers ✅Participants are placed in a standardized testing situation to see if different people react or behave differently to an identical situation; designed to elicit behaviors that serve as indicators of personality (ex. emergencies); behaviors can be "scored" by independent raters; bad because can be influenced by knowledge of experiment or researcher.Life-Outcome Data (L-Data) - Correct Answers ✅Information that can be extracted from the events, activities, & outcomes in a person's life that are available to public scrutiny; ex. marriage/divorce records, clubs a person joins, etc.; can be bad because life outcomes are caused by several different factors (race, gender, etc.) 3 / 4
PPE 3003 FINAL EXAM REVIEW Questions With Complete Solutions Make a Test Scientifically Useful - Correct Answers ✅Reliability, validity, & generalizability.Reliability - Correct Answers ✅Consistency.
- Types of Reliability - Correct Answers ✅Test-retest
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reliability, internal consistency, & inter-rater reliability.Test-retest Reliability - Correct Answers ✅Done through "repeated measurement"; repeat a measurement over time for the same people & if the 2 tests yield similar scores for most people, the test has a high this...Internal Consistency - Correct Answers ✅Done by examining the relationships among the items themselves at a single point in time; if the items within a test- viewed as a form of repeated measurement- all correlate well with each other, then the scale has a high...Inter-rater Reliability - Correct Answers ✅Done by obtaining measurements from multiple observers; when different observers agree with each other, measure has high...(Only applicable for O-data measures)