PNl 4003l Midterml Examl (Latestl 2025/l 2026l Update)l Guidel Q/Al |l Gradel A|l 100%l Correctl (Verifiedl Answers)
Q:l whichl electrolytesl relatel tol osmoticl pressure?
Answer:
sodium,l chloride,l potassium,l calcium,l magnesium,l andl phosphate
Q:l calciumsl rolel inl thel body
Answer:
-l 99%l ofl calciuml inl thel bodyl isl foundl inl solidl minerall depositsl inl thel bonesl andl teeth -l thel remainingl 1%l isl foundl inl intracellularl fluid,l bloodl andl extracellularl fluid -l calciuml foundl inl thel body'sl fluidl playsl al rolel inl nervel transmission,l musclel contractions,l bloodl pressurel regulationl andl thel releasel ofl hormones
Q:l hypercalcemial s/s
Answer:
Musclel weakness,l Constipation,l Anorexia,l N/V,l Polyuria,l Polydipsia,l Neurosis,l Dysrhythmias,
Q:l hypocalcemial s/s
Answer:
C.A.T.S.
Cl -l Convulsions A-l Arrhythmias Tl -l Tetanyl (involuntaryl contractionl ofl muscles) Sl -l Spasmsl andl stridor 1 / 3
Q:l sensiblel fluidl loss
Answer:
Measurablel andl perceived;l urine,l diarrhea,l ostomy,l gastricl drainage.
Q:l insensiblel fluidl loss
Answer:
Occursl dailyl throughl lungsl andl skin--cannotl bel measuredl forl accuratel output
Q:l hypervolemial s/s
Answer:
-Hypertension -Boundingl pulsel -JVD -Peripherall edema -↑l urinel outputl thatl isl dilutel -Acute,l rapidl weightl gain -S3l heartl soundl inl adults -Bulgingl fontanelsl inl infants -Cracklesl onl auscultation -Dyspnea,l coughl andl increasedl RR -Mentall statusl changesl (headache,l confusion,l lethargy;l seizuresl possible)
Q:l whatl isl urinel specificl gravity?
Answer:
Thel ratiol ofl weightl ofl al givenl volumel ofl urinel tol thel weightl ofl thel samel volumel ofl distilledl waterl atl al constantl temperature
Q:l normall urinel specificl gravity 2 / 3
Answer:
1.005l -l 1.030l
Dehydrationl -l Highl (concentrated) Overhydrationl -l Lowl (dilute) Diabetesl insipidusl -l Lowl (inabilityl tol concentratel urine) Diabetesl mellitusl -l Highl (duel tol glucosel inl urine) Chronicl kidneyl diseasel (CKD)l -l Fixed,l oftenl aroundl 1.010l (lossl ofl concentrationl ability) Proteinurial (e.g.,l nephroticl syndrome)l -l High Heartl failurel -l Highl (duel tol reducedl perfusionl tol kidneys)
Q:l whatl isl creatine
Answer:
Al naturallyl occurringl compoundl producedl byl yourl bodyl thatl helpsl musclesl producel energyl andl delaysl musclel fatigue.
Q:l normall creatinel levels
Answer:
0.6-1.2l mg/dL
Q:l highl creatinel labsl arel causedl by:
Answer:
Kidneyl Dysfunction,l Dehydration,l Musclel Damagel (Rhabdomyolysis):
Q:l lowl creatinel labsl causedl by:
Answer:
Inadequatel Diet,l Liverl orl Kidneyl Disease
leadsl tol reducedl musclel strengthl andl neurologicall issues
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