NUR-641E Advanced Pathophysiology and Pharmacology for the Nurse Educator Latest Update 2024-2025 Questions and Verified Correct Answers Guaranteed A+
`Gout - CORRECT ANSWER: Renal calculi can occur as a comorbid condition in
patients with gout.
5HT3 receptor antagonists - CORRECT ANSWER: inhibit serotonin receptors inside
the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) and also inhibit serotonin receptors on vagal nerve terminals; these pharmacologic actions reduce nausea and vomiting.
A male with a past occurrence of cryptorchidism - CORRECT ANSWER: has an
increased risk of developing testicular cancer
A pathologic fracture - CORRECT ANSWER: a fracture occurring at the site of a pre- existing bone abnormality, and occurs with a force that is considerably less than that which would cause a bone fracture at a different site.
A patient with diabetes insipidus (DI) - CORRECT ANSWER: will have a laboratory
finding of low urine specific gravity
A patient with metabolic alkalosis and partial respiratory compensation - CORRECT
ANSWER: will have symptoms of fatigue, cool pale hands and feet, a new-onset
systolic heart murmur, and vomiting coffee-ground looking material.
A patient with Type I diabetes who exercises heavily - CORRECT ANSWER: may have
symptoms of hunger, headache, lightheadedness, confusion, tachycardia, and pallor due to hypoglycemia.
A wart (lichen planus or verruca) - CORRECT ANSWER: is a skin condition with
elevated and firm circumscribed lesions < 1 cm in diameter
Acetaminophen - CORRECT ANSWER: analgesic and anti-pyretic activity, but not anti- inflammatory activity
Acetaminophen overdose - CORRECT ANSWER: May cause acute liver disorders
(e.g., acute hepatitis, hepatotoxicity); liver failure
Acute gouty attacks - CORRECT ANSWER: are treated preferentially with NSAIDS
e.g., indomethacin, ibuprofen, naproxen, sulindac).
adrenal medulla - CORRECT ANSWER: will increase secretion of the catecholamines
epinephrine and norepinephrine due to sympathetic stimulation caused by increased stress 1 / 3
Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) - CORRECT ANSWER: Two basic type of ADRs: pharmacological and idiosyncratic.
85% to 90% of ADRs are pharmacological.
Adverse drug reactions are usually preventable, frequently occur in a hospital or nursing home setting, and include medication errors, adverse drug effects, allergic and idiosyncratic type reactions.
ADRs are not commonly reported; the FDA does not mandate that ADRs be reported.
Polypharmacy involves using multiple healthcare providers for care, using multiple medications, and using several pharmacies for prescription filling.
Adverse effects of opioid analgesic agents - CORRECT ANSWER: include
constipation, addiction, overdose, sedation, and impaired daily functioning
Adverse topical corticosteroid effects include - CORRECT ANSWER: thinning of the skin, dermatitis, striae, purpura, local skin infections, and hypopigmentation
All Benzodiazepines - CORRECT ANSWER: May cause drowsiness. Alcohol may
intensify this effect. Use care when operating a car or dangerous machinery Avoid taking this medication with grapefruit juice or grapefruit specifically: diazepam, triazolam; can increase falls in the elderly and other people unsteady on their feet
All retinoids - CORRECT ANSWER: can cause dry skin, skin irritation and peeling, a reddened skin area, and photosensitivity
Allopurinol - CORRECT ANSWER: the agent of choice for individuals with gout and
high serum urate levels with underlying renal dysfunction, history of tophaceous gout, or urinary calculi.
Alpha-1 adrenergic blockade - CORRECT ANSWER: results in vasodilation and
reduced blood pressure
Alpha-1 adrenergic stimulation - CORRECT ANSWER: results in vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure.
Alzheimer's - CORRECT ANSWER: is the development of neurofibrillary tangles in the CNS
Amiodarone - CORRECT ANSWER: is the antiarrhythmic of choice when there is
coexisting heart failure; can cause thyroid and pulmonary toxicity.
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Angiotensin II receptor blocking agents (ARBs): - CORRECT ANSWER: Candesartan (Atacand), eprosartan (Teveten), irbesartan (Avapro), losartan (Cozaar), telmisartan (Micardis) and valsartan (Diovan).ARBs reduce blood pressure by blocking angiotensin II receptors.
ankylosing spondylitis - CORRECT ANSWER: a form of rheumatoid arthritis that
primarily causes inflammation of the joints between the vertebrae; a chronic inflammatory joint disease characterized by fusion and stiffening of the spine and sacroiliac joints.
Anti-emetic agents - CORRECT ANSWER: antihistamines, phenothiazines (e.g.
prochlorperazine), 5HT3 receptor antagonists (e.g., ondansetron[Zofran], granisetron).
Antibiograms - CORRECT ANSWER: are charts of local antimicrobial resistance
patterns developed by local laboratories that record the susceptibility or organisms encountered clinically
Antibiotics inhibit - CORRECT ANSWER: Tetracycline, macrolide, azalide and
aminoglycoside antibiotics inhibit specific bacterial proteins
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - CORRECT ANSWER: promotes retention of water by
kidneys; is synthesized in the hypothalamus, and acts on the renal tubular cells
Antiepileptic agents - CORRECT ANSWER: have many drug interactions, are
therapeutically monitored by measuring blood levels, and are not totally safe to use in a pregnant patient
Antiepileptic Agents:
Seizures - CORRECT ANSWER: Roughly 10% of the US population may experience at
least one seizure during their lifetime
Antiepileptic Drugs (AEDs) - CORRECT ANSWER: reduce seizure activity by reducing sodium and/or calcium influx into brain cells, increasing the inhibitory gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) activity, enhancing the influx of chloride, and interfering with excitatory glutamate transmission
Antiepileptic Drugs (AEDs) - CORRECT ANSWER: suppress seizure activity; they do
not cure epilepsy
arachnoid villi (granulations) - CORRECT ANSWER: help recycle CSF to blood; look like little warts; allow CSF to general circulation. Absorb excess cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that accumulates in the cerebral venous sinuses that surround the brain; the villi maintains normal CSF volume and pressure
Asthma - CORRECT ANSWER: *Mild persistent asthma is best treated with a short-
acting beta-2 agonist (SABA) plus an inhaled corticosteroid.
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