PCOL 838 Exam 2 Questions with Complete Solutions What composes blood? - Correct Answers ✅red cells, white cells, platelets, plasma What is the ratio of red blood cells to white blood cells in the bloodstream? - Correct Answers ✅white blood cells (leukocytes, monocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils) are generally present at about 1/700th the number of erythrocytes What are the different formed elements of blood, and how can they and their subtypes be distinguished? - Correct
Answers ✅-red blood cells (erythrocytes): carry oxygen to
cell via hemoglobin -white blood cells (leukocytes, monocytes, lymphocytes,
neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils): mediators of
immune responses to infection or other stimuli inflammation
-platelets: formed elements that participate in coagulation
-plasma: mostly water, electrolytes, and plasma proteins
(e.g., albumin, globulins, fibrinogen) What are the two major complexes found on the surface of activated platelets that are important to the surge in thrombin production? Describe the coagulation factors that form these complexes and what the complexes specifically
activate. - Correct Answers ✅-intrinsic tenase complex:
formed by VIIIa and IXa coagulation factors, activates Factor
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PCOL 838 Exam 2 Questions with Complete Solutions
-prothrombinase complex: formed by Va-Xa coagulation
factors, activates thrombin generation Name the vitamin K-dependent clotting factors and the organ in which they are synthesized. - Correct Answers ✅- coagulation proteins: synthesized in the liver (factors II: prothrombin, VII, IX, X)
-anticoagulation proteins: synthesized in the liver (protein C,
S, and Z) What is the main catalytic enzyme in fibrolysis? - Correct
Answers ✅plasmin: active serine protease involved in
breakdown of fibrin Name two inhibitors of fibrinolysis. - Correct Answers ✅-
plasminogen activator inhibitors 1 & 2 (PAI-1 & PAI-2):
inhibitors of t-PA and u-PA from vascular endothelial cells
-alpha2-plasmin and alpha2-macroglobulin:
What is anemia? - Correct Answers ✅anemia: condition in
which blood doesn't have enough healthy red blood cells resulting from lack of red blood cells or dysfunctional red blood cells in body What are the three types of anemia? - Correct Answers ✅- iron-deficiency anemia 2 / 4
PCOL 838 Exam 2 Questions with Complete Solutions -pernicious anemia -hemolytic anemia Suggest major causes of macrocytic and microcytic anemia. -
Correct Answers ✅-macrocytic: deficiency in vitamin B12
or folic acid or drugs that interfere with DNA synthesis
-microcytic: abnormalities in hemoglobin production, either in
number of hemoglobin molecules per cell or in type of
hemoglobin molecules (thassemia): iron deficiency
What is the most common form of anemia and what is its most likely cause in a premenopausal woman? In a man? - Correct Answers ✅-iron-deficiency anemia = most common
-blood loss: women w/ heavy periods
-peptic ulcer or GI cancer in men or frequent users of some
OTC pain relievers (aspirin): men
-iron losses: pregnancy
-inability to absorb iron: IBD and malignancy
What are some disorders associated with iron deficiency anemia? - Correct Answers ✅-rapid or irregular heartbeat -heart failure or enlarged heart -pregnancy complications -delayed growth in infants or children 3 / 4
PCOL 838 Exam 2 Questions with Complete Solutions What are the physiological adaptations to slowly developing iron deficiency anemia? - Correct Answers ✅-physiological
compensatory mechanisms: increasing cardiac output and
diverting blood flow from less metabolically active areas
-biochemical adaptation: elevating 2,3 biphosphoglycerate
(2,3-BPG) concentrations in erythrocytes to increase unloading of oxygen in tissues In what situations might the serum ferritin level be normal or elevated in a patient with iron deficiency? - Correct
Answers ✅-diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia: low levels
of ferritin -patients with inflammatory conditions (IBD, CHF< and CKD) - ferritin levels become elevated in response to inflammation What neurologic defects are observed in prolonged pernicious anemia? - Correct Answers ✅damage to heart, brain, or other organs in the body, nerve damage, neurological problems like memory loss, digestive tract problems What symptoms of pernicious anemia are usually relatively mild? - Correct Answers ✅diarrhea, constipation, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, lack of energy, lightheadedness Are changes in peripheral blood smear necessary for neurologic effects of vitamin B12 deficiency? - Correct
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