Pathophysiology Final Exam Review:
Questions& Answers
When discussing causes of hypernatremia (elevated serum sodium), it is
correct to include: Select all that apply.
- Excessive free water intake.
- Inappropriate administration of hypertonic saline solution.
- Over secretion of the hormone aldosterone.
- Cushing syndrome.
- Ingesting large amounts of dietary sodium.
(Ans-B,C,&D
High sodium can be caused by inappropriate administration of hypertonic saline (sodium bicarbonate in cardiac arrest), over secretion of aldosterone, and Cushing syndrome (increased secretion of ACTH). An excessive free water intake will actually cause hyponatremia, or low sodium, due to sodium dilution in the blood. High amounts of dietary sodium rarely cause hypernatremia
When discussing common clinical manifestations of hypokalemia (low
serum potassium), it is correct to state that: Select all that apply.
- carbohydrate metabolism is affected due to decreased insulin secretion.
- renal function is impaired.
- neuromuscular excitability is decreased.
- skeletal muscle contractility is increased.
- smooth muscle tone is increased.
(Ans-A, B, & C
Rationale: Carbohydrate metabolism is affected secondary to decreased
insulin secretion. Renal function may be impaired, and renal tubular atrophy and fibrosis may occur. Skeletal muscle will be weak, as neuromuscular excitability is decreased. Loss of smooth muscle tone is 1 / 3
manifested by constipation, intestinal distention, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and paralytic ileus (paralysis of the intestinal muscles)
Water moves between the intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid compartments principally by (Ans-Osmosis
Buffers are substances that can absorb excessive acid or base without a significant change in what (Ans-pH
Metabolic acidosis is caused by (Ans-an increase in noncarbonic acids or loss of bicarbonate from the extracellular fluid.
Metabolic alkalosis occurs with an increase in bicarbonate usually caused by loss of metabolic acids from conditions such as (Ans- vomiting or gastrointestinal suctioning or from excessive bicarbonate intake, hyperaldosteronism, and diuretic therapy, which increase plasma bicarbonate.
Respiratory acidosis occurs with a (Ans-decrease in alveolar ventilation, which in turn causes hypercapnia and increases in carbonic acid concentration.
Respiratory alkalosis occurs with (Ans- alveolar hyperventilation and excessive reduction of carbon dioxide, or hypocapnia with decreases in carbonic acid.
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Hypercalcemia can be caused by a number of diseases, including (Ans- hyperparathyroidism, bone metastases, sarcoidosis, and excess vitamin D.
Hypocalcemia is related to (Ans- inadequate intestinal absorption, deposition of calcium into bone or soft tissue, blood administration, or decreased parathyroid hormone and vitamin D levels.
- liter of water is equal to how many pounds(lbs)?
(Ans-2.2lbs
Total Water Weight is (Ans-42L x 2.2lbs = 92.4 lbs [1/3 (33%) ECF & 2/3 (66%) ICF]
Pernicious anemia is also called (Ans-Vitamin B12 Deficiency
Pernicious anemia is due to (Ans-loss of parietal cells in the stomach (gastric mucosa).
Parietal cells are needed to produce the intrinsic factors that are needed to absorb (Ans-Dietary B12
True or False: Our body makes B12
(Ans-FALSE
Our Body does NOT make B12!
Individuals who would be at risk for B12 deficiency include (Ans-Anyone with stomach / GI issues
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