Pathophysiology – Exam 2 Study Guide Module 4 Clinical manifestations – appendicitis oRight, lower abdominal pain, nausea, occasional diarrhea Cause of pseudomembranous colitis and nonpharmacologic treatments- o(Often called antibiotic associated colitis) Acute inflammation and necrosis of the large intestine caused by Clostridium difficile. Exposure to antibiotics is the major factor predisposing to the development of this disorder. Stop the affecting antibiotic. Treat ischemia, fecal transplant, colectomy Clinical manifestations – cholecystitis-
oAcute: Inflammation of the gallbladder wall.
oChronic- inflammation of the gallbladder wall attributed to persistent low- grade irritation from gallstones or recurrent attacks of acute cholecystitis.Cause of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)- oTransmission person to person, fecal-oral route, reservoir in water sources.
- pylori often causes peptic ulcer disease
Clinical manifestations – gastric carcinoma oEarly- none.oAdvanced- anorexia, weight loss and GI bleed Causes of gastroenteritis due to Salmonella oConsumption of raw or undercooked chicken/eggs oDiarrhea, N/V, abdominal pain Complication of perforated gallbladder- oSepsis.oRare complication of acute cholecystitis Cause of jaundice and disease associated with jaundice- oElevated levels of bilirubin oCaused by a buildup of bilirubin, which is a waste product in blood. An inflamed liver or obstructed bile duct can cause jaundice. Diseases associated: infections of the liver from a virus (Hepatitis), overuse to Tylenol.
Define the following terms: dysphagia; occult blood-
oDysphagia: difficult or painful swallowing
oOccult blood (cause by polyps) blood you can’t see with the naked eye, FOBT (fecal occult blood test). Means there is usually bleeding somewhere in the digestive tract.What should patients with newly diagnosed pancreatitis avoid?
- Alcohol
What causes greenish-yellow emesis?oBile, caused by vomiting on an empty stomach, or bile reflux.Most frequent location of peptic ulcers- oProximal Duodenum What types of hepatitis increase the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma? This study source was downloaded by 100000806021836 from CourseHero.com on 03-16-2023 11:26:27 GMT -05:00 https://www.coursehero.com/file/70394510/Pathophysiology-Exam-2-Study-Guide-Spring-2020-docx/ 1 / 2
oHep B and C Clinical manifestations of chronic gastritis oUpper abdominal pain oIndigestion oBloating oN/V oWeight loss/loss of appetite oHematemesis may occur bc of damage to the gastric epithelial mucosa What types of things put a patient at risk for developing acute gastritis?
- Ingesting irritating substances- alcohol, aspirin, NSAIDs, viral bacteria,
autoimmune Clinical manifestations of acute gastritis- oAnorexia, nausea, vomiting, and postprandial (after meal) discomfort Causes of hiatal hernia-
oConditions where intraabdominal pressure increases: ascites, pregnancy,
obesity, chronic straining or coughing oLoosening of the muscular band around esophageal and diaphragmatic function What is the cause of a rigid abdomen in peritonitis?oPeritonitis is inflammation of the peritoneum. Inflammation and abdominal spasms Module 5 What is cryptorchidism and complications associated with the condition?oHidden testes, the testes did not descend all the way. Failure to treat this can cause fibrotic tubules with deficiency in spermatogenesis, infertility.Clinical manifestations – acute prostatitis- oCh31, slide 32- Fever, chills, LBP, frequency, urgency, and dysuria. Tender and swollen prostate What is a complication of removing too much fluid during dialysis, and what would you want to monitor?oComplication- Low BP oMonitor- BP, Nausea and dizziness Clinical manifestations – pyelonephritis (kidney infection)-
- Chills, flank pain, nausea, vomiting, CVA tenderness
oStretching of renal caps causes pain Individuals with HPV (human papillomavirus) are at risk for developing what disease?oCervical cancer Define the following terms: enuresis, stress incontinence, micturition, overflow
incontinence:
oStress incontinence- small amounts of urine are voided involuntarily with intraabdominal pressure. This study source was downloaded by 100000806021836 from CourseHero.com on 03-16-2023 11:26:27 GMT -05:00 https://www.coursehero.com/file/70394510/Pathophysiology-Exam-2-Study-Guide-Spring-2020-docx/
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