Pathophysiology Exam 1 Rasmussen SU2020 (Questions & Answers) What is allostasis? ✔️Ans - the process by which the body responds to stressors in order to regain homeostasis Sequela ✔️Ans - a disease or condition which is caused by an earlier disease or problem Complication ✔️Ans - the act or process worsening of a condition or disease process What happens during the alarm phase of Hans Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome? ✔️Ans - fight or flight stage; heart rate increases, adrenal gland releases cortisol (the stress hormone) and you receive a boost of adrenaline, which increases energy What clinical findings would the patient in the fight or flight stage present with? ✔️Ans - Select all; heart rate increases, adrenal gland releases cortisol (the stress hormone) and you receive a boost of adrenaline, which increases energy What are the four components of pathophysiology? ✔️Ans - Etiology (the study of causes or reason for phenomena), Pathogenesis (development or evolution a disease), Clinical Manifestations (signs of disease), Treatment implications (helpful treatments) Prevention stages of disease ✔️Ans - Primary, Secondary, Tertiary Primary Stage of Disease Prevention ✔️Ans - prevention of disease by altering susceptibility or reducing exposure for susceptible individuals (ie.improved nutrition, economy, housing, and sanitation increase longevity and reduce mortality from infectious disease Secondary Stage Disease Prevention ✔️Ans - early detection, screening and management of the disease; applicable in early disease i.e. preclinical and clinical stages (yearly physical examinations, routine screening are 1 / 2
preventions that lead to early diagnosis of disease and in some cases cures.i.e. prenatal care) Tertiary Stage of Prevention ✔️Ans - rehabilitative and supportive care and attempts to alleviate disability and restore effective functioning; appropriate in the state of advanced disease or disability (disease treatment i.e. medical, includes physical therapy, pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy, radiation therapy etc. and surgical) What two compounds does the body release during stress? ✔️Ans - Norepinephrine and epinephrine How is fluid between interstitial and intracellular compartments distributed? ✔️Ans - Osmosis How does extracellular fluid become depleted? ✔️Ans - Saline imbalances; removal of sodium- containing fluid from the body; Gastrointestinal excretion (emesis, diarrhea, gastric suction, fistula drainage), Renal excretion of sodium containing fluid (extensive diuretic use) Other loss (hemorrhage, massive diaphoresis) What is potential and fatal complication of hyponatremia? ✔️Ans - Fatal cerebral herniation (swelling of neurons and glial cells as a result of decreased osmolality of extracellular fluid) hyponatremia (excess of water in proportion to salt in the extracellular fluid; too diluted; intracellular fluid is more concentrate and pulls in water, swelling the cell) Symptoms of dehydration ✔️Ans - Thirst; sudden weight loss; postural blood pressure decrease, with concurrent increased heart rate; light headedness; dizziness; flat neck veins when supine; sunken fontanel; rapid, thready pulse, prolonged small-vein filling time; prolonged capillary refill time; oliguria; decreased skin turgor; dryness of oral mucous membranes; absence of sweat and tears; hard stools; soft sunken eyeballs; longitudinal furrows in the tongue; confusion, coma; hypovolemic shock What is the cause of edema? ✔️Ans - Excess of fluid in the interstitial compartment; An increase in the forces that tend to move fluid from the capillaries into the interstitial compartment or a decrease in forces that tend to move fluid from the interstitial compartment into the capillaries
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