Patho Exam 4 UT Tyler – Questions & Answers What is a ganglion? ✔️Ans - a collection of nerve cell bodies in the PNS what do spinal nerves do? ✔️Ans - carry motor and sensory fibers to and from the organs and tissues of the body Afferent Pathways ✔️Ans - Sensory fibers Coming toward you one way street Efferent Pathways ✔️Ans - Motor fibers Going away from you one way street Somatic System ✔️Ans - voluntary motor control Autonomic system ✔️Ans - involuntary organ control and has 2 categories -sympathetic system -parasympathetic system Sympathetic System ✔️Ans - mobilizes energy stores Fight or Flight responses (green light) Parasympathetic system ✔️Ans - conserves and restores energy (red light) rest and digest Cerebrospinal fluid and Ventricles ✔️Ans - Cerebrospinal fluid(CSF) is in Arachnoid Mater layer. Is formed from the blood, and is clear looking like plasma. Choroid Plexuses forms CSF in the ventricles and flows into subarachnoid space so it can circulate around the brain. The CSF is constatly being refreshed.Circle of willis ✔️Ans - protective mechanism, provides a alternative source of blood Blood-Brain Barrier ✔️Ans - protective mechanism. doesnt allow toxins into the brain 1 / 3
Neuron ✔️Ans - require glucose and oxygen for metabolism, the myelin sheath is very important for fast impulse.Cannot undergo cell division How does Nerve Impluse conduction work? ✔️Ans - by neurotransmitters.that connect through synapse.Synapse ✔️Ans - provides a connection between two or more neurons or a neron and effector side.Cerebral intracranial pressure (ICP) ✔️Ans - 5-15 mm/Hg too much pressure inside brain will damage it.what is the 1st indication of increased intracranial pressure? ✔️Ans - is usually a decreased level of consciousness Increased Intracranial Pressure ✔️Ans - Results in less arterial blood entering the brain and compression of the brain itself leading to loss of neuron function locally and generally. Brain tissue eventually dies.Increased Intracranial Pressure ✔️Ans - Increases initially at the site of injury but spreads throughout the CNS by continuous flow of CSF and blood leading to widespread loss of function Increased ICP is common with ✔️Ans - Brain hemorrhage, trauma, cerebral edema, infection, tumors, or accumulation of excessive CSF Body compensatory mechanism or ICP ✔️Ans - First shift CSF into the
spinal column, followed by the cushings reflex: Systemic vasoconstriction,
reduction in respiratory rate, slowing of HR, increasing pulse pressure in an attempt to force more blood into the brain Increased ICP leads to ✔️Ans - Brain tissue hypoxia Early signs of ICP ✔️Ans - Decreased LOC, severe headache, vomiting, papilledema 2 / 3
Visual signs of ICP ✔️Ans - Changes in pupils due to pressure on cranial nerve III Ptosis- drooping eyelids Nystagmus- rapid or excessive movement back and forth of the eyes What are the vital signs of increased ICP? ✔️Ans - Cushings reflex- cerebral ischemia developes which causes a powerful response from the vasomotor centers. Vasoconstriction occurs to increase systemic blood pressure and force blood into the brain. Baroreceptors in carotid arteries respond to the increased blood pressure by slowing heart rate. Chemoreceptors respond to increased carbon dioxide by reducing respiratory rate. Circulation is improved shortly then cycle repeats.Hydrocephalus ✔️Ans - is common condition in which excessive cerebrospinal fluid accumulates within the skull, compressing brain tissue and blood vessels. Two types communicating and non-communicating Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) ✔️Ans - results from a temporary localized reduction of blood flow in the brain due to atherosclerosis, small emboli, vascular spasm- attack lasts minutes to 1 to 2 hours. Can be a symptom of impending stroke in some cases.What are Signs of TIA? ✔️Ans - Patient remains conscious with transient aphasia, confusion, short episode of loss of movement,numbness and paresthesia of face. Usually subside within 24 hours.Cerebrocascular Accidents (CVA) ✔️Ans - a infarction of brain tissue that results from lack of blood flow- total occlusion of cerebral artery due to atheroma, embolus or may e due to ruptured cerebral vessel. Can be embolic or hemorrhagic stroke Most common cause of stroke ✔️Ans - occlusion of artery by atheroma that can form in the carotid artery or cerebral artery Treatment of CVA ✔️Ans - Embolic stroke- tPA, thrombectomy (penumbra) Symptoms of CVA ✔️Ans - Depends on location of the stroke Sudden transient weakness, numbness or tingling in face, arm, leg, or on one side of the body
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