Patho Exam 4 UT Tyler – Questions & Accurate Solutions What composes the Central nervous System ✔️Ans - Brain and Spinal cord What composes the Peripheral nervous system? ✔️Ans - Cranial nerves and spinal nerves What is a ganglion? ✔️Ans - a collection of nerve cell bodies in the PNS what do spinal nerves do? ✔️Ans - carry motor and sensory fibers to and from the organs and tissues of the body Afferent Pathways ✔️Ans - Sensory fibers Coming toward you one way street Efferent Pathways ✔️Ans - Motor fibers Going away from you one way street Somatic System ✔️Ans - voluntary motor control Autonomic system ✔️Ans - involuntary organ control and has 2 categories -sympathetic system -parasympathetic system Sympathetic System ✔️Ans - mobilizes energy stores Fight or Flight responses (green light) Parasympathetic system ✔️Ans - conserves and restores energy (red light) rest and digest What are protective structures of the CNS? ✔️Ans - Cranium Meninges Cerebrospinal fluid and ventricles Vertebral Column 1 / 4
What are the Meninges? what are they from outter to inner layer ✔️Ans - protective covering around the brain -Dura Mater (outer) -Arachnoid Mater (spongy, important layer) -Pia Mater (inner layer, Soft) Cerebrospinal fluid and Ventricles ✔️Ans - Cerebrospinal fluid(CSF) is in Arachnoid Mater layer. Is formed from the blood, and is clear looking like plasma. Choroid Plexuses forms CSF in the ventricles and flows into subarachnoid space so it can circulate around the brain. The CSF is constatly being refreshed.What is the brain stem composed of what? ✔️Ans - the midbrain, medulla, and pons Midbrain is the what? ✔️Ans - basal nuclei Medulla ✔️Ans - lowest portion of brain, controls reflex activities ( Heart Rate, respirations, blood pressure, coughing, sneezing, swallowing, vomiting) Pons ✔️Ans - BRIDGE transmits info from the cerebellum to brain stem Cerebellum ✔️Ans - "little brain" reflexive, involuntary motor control, maintains balance Thalamus ✔️Ans - "call center" for afferent input, coordinates cerebral cortex activity Hypothalamus ✔️Ans - autonomic nervous system, endocrine, temperature, emotions, thirst, eating, sleep times, satiety Frontal lobe ✔️Ans - thinking, memory, ideas, speech, personality Broca's area Parietal lobe ✔️Ans - Somatic sensory input, Sensation (touch, pain) Occipital Lobe ✔️Ans - visual cortex, receives info from retina 2 / 4
Vision Temporal lobe ✔️Ans - auditory area contains Wernicke area Hearing, smell, memory, comprehension of speech
Brain Functions -- Cerebral Cortex :
-Precentral gyrus -postcentral gyrus -Broca speech area -Wernicke area ✔️Ans - -motor functions -sensory functions -expressive speech -receptive speech Circle of willis ✔️Ans - protective mechanism, provides a alternative source of blood Venous outflow ✔️Ans - Brain cannott tolerate to much pressure, as blood enters, blood also leaves keeping the pressure normal Blood-Brain Barrier ✔️Ans - protective mechanism. doesnt allow toxins into the brain Neuron ✔️Ans - require glucose and oxygen for metabolism, the myelin sheath is very important for fast impulse.Cannot undergo cell division How does Nerve Impluse conduction work? ✔️Ans - by neurotransmitters.that connect through synapse.Synapse ✔️Ans - provides a connection between two or more neurons or a neron and effector side.Cerebral perfusion pressure ✔️Ans - 80-90mm/Hg required to perfuse brain cells Amount of "push" 3 / 4
What is the most important factor in cerebral blood flow and pressure?✔️Ans - cerebral oxygenation Cerebral intracranial pressure (ICP) ✔️Ans - 5-15 mm/Hg too much pressure inside brain will damage it.what is the 1st indication of increased intracranial pressure? ✔️Ans - is usually a decreased level of consciousness What are the causes of increased intracranial pressure (ICP)? ✔️Ans - increased ICP is common in many neurological problem including brain hemorrhage, trauma, cerebral edema, infection, tumors.What are side effects of increased ICP? ✔️Ans - Cerebral edema, vasogenic, cytoxic, interstitial, ischemic Increased ICP grater than 15 causes what? ✔️Ans - severe headache, vomiting, papilledema, changes in breathing patterns, and confusion.What are signs of ICP? ✔️Ans - Papilledema many signs are seen in the eyes pupils change- fixed and dilated ptosis-(droopy eyelids) What are the vital signs of increased ICP? ✔️Ans - cerebral ischemia developes which causes a powerful response from the vasomotor centers.Vasoconstriction occurs to increase systemic blood pressure and force blood into the brain. Baroreceptors in carotid arteries respond to the increased blood pressure by slowing heart rate. Chemoreceptors respond to increased carbon dioxide by reducing respiratory rate. Circulation is improved shortly then cycle repeats.Hydrocephalus ✔️Ans - is common condition in which excessive cerebrospinal fluid accumulates within the skull, compressing brain tissue and blood vessels.Name 4 Cerebrovascular Disorders? ✔️Ans - Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) Cerebrovascular Accidents (CVA)
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