PATHO 370 Final Exam Study Guide
Signs and symptoms of ureteral (kidney) stones (Ans- flank pain, sweating, nausea, vomiting, and hematuria
What is the common composition of renal calculi?(Ans- calcium crystals
polycystic kidney disease (Ans- condition in which the kidney contains many cysts and is enlarged; the cysts will alter kidney function
Glomerulonephritis (Ans- inflammation of the glomeruli of the kidney; immune complex reaction resulting in alterations in the glomerular capillary structure and function; mediated by IgE
Major sign/symptom of renal cancer (Ans- hematuria
What forms renal calculi in patients with gouty arthritis?(Ans- uric acid
Acute pyelonephritis (Ans- infection of the renal pelvis usually from an ascending UTI; inflammation that does not result in scarring or fibrosis
What is the common bacteria that causes a UTI?(Ans- E. coli
Chronic Pyelonephritis (Ans- infection of the renal pelvis that has scarring and fibrosis and can result in chronic kidney disease; associated with reflux or processes that lead to urine stasis 1 / 4
clinical manifestations of acute pyelonephritis (Ans- CVA tenderness, fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, anorexia
clinical manifestations of chronic pyelonephritis (Ans- abdominal or flank pain, fever, malaise, anorexia
what are the three phases of tubular necrosis?(Ans- prodromal phase, oliguric phase, post oliguric phase
clinical presentation of the prodromal phase?(Ans- normal or declining urine output & BUN creatinine begin to rise,
clinical presentation of the oliguric phase?(Ans- oliguria, decreased GFR, hypervolemia (dialysis may be required)
clinical presentation of the postoliguric phase?(Ans- postoliguric phase represents renal recovery; urine volume begins to increase and tubular function begins to improve fluid volume deficit until kidneys recover
renal osteodystrophy in end-stage renal disease (Ans- elevated phosphorus and PTH causes alterations in the bone and mineral metabolism; kidneys are unable to reabsorb the calcium and the bones will begin to break down
anemia in end-stage renal disease (Ans- kidneys produce erythropoietin, which is needed to make RBC; a lack of erythropoietin will decrease the RBC count
What are some common causes of CKD?(Ans- diabetes and hypertension
What is the cause for acute tubular necrosis?(Ans- ischemia leads to acute tubular necrosis 2 / 4
What are some secondary conditions associated with end-stage chronic renal disease (Ans- anemia, malnutrition, bone and mineral disorders, electrolyte imbalances, metabolic acidosis, uremic syndrome, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease
what is the most frequent and initial symptom of bladder cancer?(Ans- hematuria
What can vesicoureteral reflux lead to?(Ans- recurrent cystitis
Who is more prone to UTIs?(Ans- sexually active women
ureterocele (Ans- cystic dilation of the distal end of the ureter
stress urinary incontinence (Ans- urine is involuntarily lost with increases in intraabdominal pressure; occurs due to a weakening of the pelvic muscles
what are some common causes of stress urinary incontinence?(Ans- obesity, childbirth related trauma, pelvic surgery, diabetes
Urgency Urinary Incontinence (Ans- involuntary sudden leakage of urine along with immediately feeling the need to urinate again; caused by a weakening of the detrusor muscle
Cystitis (Ans- inflammation of the bladder lining
What are the causes of cystitis?(Ans- caused by infection, chemical irritants, stones, or trauma 3 / 4
What is chryptorchidism a risk factor for?(Ans- testicular cancer
Chryptorchidism (Ans- failure of the testicles to descend into the scrotum
testicular torsion (Ans- twisting of the spermatic cord causing decreased blood flow to the testis and can lead to ischemia making the patient at risk for necrosis
what are the clinical manifestations of testicular torsion?(Ans- severe sudden pain on the testis, swelling of the scrotum, nausea and vomiting
signs and symptoms of prostatic enlargement (BPH) (Ans- Prostate tissue increases and can compress the urethra and bladder outlet causing urinary retention, obstruction to flow, decreased stream, hesitancy or difficulty initiating stream, interruption of stream, and infection caused by retention
Amenorrhea (Ans- absence of menstruation
metrorrhagia (Ans- bleeding between periods
hypomenorrhea (Ans- deficient amount of menstrual flow
Oligomenorrhea (Ans- infrequent menstruation
polymenorrhea (Ans- increased frequency of menstruation
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