PALS Exam ( UPDATED 2023 )
Completed 300 + Questions and Answers Included
1) What is the duration of anticoagulation for Provoked or unprovoked VTE>=?
ANSWER: 3 months minimum
2) occurs when the force of your blood, pushing against the walls of your blood vessels/arteries, is consistently too high.
ANSWER: Hypertension
3) Blood pressure is measured in units of
ANSWER: millimeters of mercury (mmHg)
4) In the heart, ventricles contract to force blood out of the heart
- ) and relax to refill the heart with blood ( )-
ANSWER: systolic pressure; diastolic pressure
5) What are the modifiable risk factors for hypertension?
ANSWER: Unhealthy diet Lack of physical activity
Overweight/obesity Heavy alcohol usage Comorbidities Illicit drug use Smoking
6) What are the unmodifiable risk factors for hypertension?: Family history
Race Age Sex
7) Hypertension is known as the silent killer because there are no obvious signs or symptoms. It can lead to 1 / 4
ANSWER: Heart Attack
Heart Failure Kidney Failure Vision Loss Stroke
8) What is normal blood pressure?ANSWER: Systolic: <120 AND
Diastolic: <80
9) What is elevated blood pressure?ANSWER: Systolic: 120-120 AND
Diastolic: <80
10) What is Stage I Hypertension?ANSWER: Systolic: 130-139 OR
Diastolic: 80-89
11) What is Stage II Hypertension?ANSWER: Systolic: 140 or higher OR
Diastolic: 90 or higher
12) What is the goal blood pressure?
ANSWER: <130/ 80 mmHg
13) What are the anatomy of the stethoscope?
ANSWER: Eartips Binaural
Binaural Spring Tube Diaphragm Bell
14) What are the initial pertinent questions to ask patient when taking blood pressure?
ANSWER: 1. Have you ever been told that you have high blood pressure? Do you
take any medications for your high blood pressure? 2 / 4
- What is your usual blood pressure reading?
- What is your smoking status?
- Do you take any other medications(prescription medications, over-the counter
medications, herbal/supplements)?
- What are the pertinent questions to ask before measuring blood pres- sure?
ANSWER: 1. Have you exercised within the last 30 minutes?
- Have you had any caffeine within the last 30 minutes?
- Have you smoked any cigarettes or used other forms of tobacco within the last
- Would you like to use the restroom before I check your blood pressure?
- Did you take your blood pressure medication(s) this morning
30 minutes?
- What should be the patient's position and posture when taking their blood
pressure?
ANSWER: Seated for at least 5 minutes
Back supported Legs uncrossed Feet flat on the floor Support the arm at heart level
- Where do you place the diaphragm to take the patient's blood pressure?-
ANSWER: Medial side of the arm
Above the antecubital fossa (elbow pit) Locate the brachial and artery
- What are the treatment goals for VTE?
ANSWER: 1.Preventing thrombus expansion and embolization
- Reducing risk of recurrence
- Preventing long-term complications( Chronic venous insufficiency, Post-throm-
botic syndrome)
- What non-pharmacologic therapy for VTE increases velocity of venous blood
flow?
ANSWER: Compression stockings
Intermittent pneumatic compression devices
- / 4
- What non-pharmacologic therapy for VTE blocks embolization of throm- bus?
ANSWER: Inferior vena cava filter
- What are the non-pharmacologic therapy for VTE?
ANSWER: Increasing velocity of venous blood flow
Blocking embolization of thrombus Venous thrombectomy
- What are the pharmacologic therapy for VTE?
ANSWER: Unfractionated heparin (UF) Low molecular weight hepartin (LMWH)
Direct Thrombin Inhibitors (DTI) Vitamin K Antagnonist (VKA) Factor Xa Inhibitors Thrombolytics
- potentiates action of ATIII and inactivates thrombin and prevents conver- sion
of fibrinogen to fibrin. It will not dissolve formed clots, but will prevent growth
ANSWER: Unfractionated Heparin and LMWH
- What are the uses of Unfractionated Heparin?
ANSWER: VTE ACS/UA
- Fib.
catheter patency PCI TIA
- What are the disadvantages of Unfractionated Heparin?
ANSWER: requires monitor- ing
UF>HIT
ANSWER: prota- mine