PALS EXAM 2 ( UPDATED 2023 )
100 + VERIFIED Questions and Answers
- BP above 5th percentile for age formula
ANSWER: 70 mmHg + (age in years x 2)
- signs of poor perfusion
ANSWER: cool extremities, AMS, weak pulses, skin pale- ness/cyanosis
- universal rate for CPR
ANSWER: 100-120/min
- compression-breath ratio
ANSWER: 30:2 if alone, 15:2 with another rescuer
- two thumb encircling hands technique is recommended when
ANSWER: CPR is provided by 2 rescuers on an infant
- victims 8 years and older use AED
ANSWER: adult
7. repeat evaluate-identify-intervene until the child is stable:
ANSWER: after each inter- vention OR when the child's condition changes or
deteriorates
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- ABCDE + vital signs
ANSWER: airway, breathing, circulation, disability, exposure
- normal respiratory rates
ANSWER: infant: 30-53 toddler: 22-37
preschooler: 20-28
school aged child: 18-25
adolescent: 12-20
10. irregular respiratory patterns may indicate:
ANSWER: neurologic problem
- tachypnea in infants is generally the first sign of
ANSWER: respiratory distress
- quiet tachypnea (no signs of increased respiratory effort) causes =
ANSWER: high fever, pain, anemia, cyanotic congenital heart disease, sepsis,
dehydration
- bradypnea causes =
ANSWER: respiratory muscle fatigue, CNS injury, severe hypoxia, severe shock,
hypothermia, drugs that depress respiratory drive, muscle diseases
- bradypnea or irregular respiratory rate often signals
ANSWER: impeding arrest
15. mild-moderate retraction locations:
ANSWER: subcostal, substernal, intercostal 2 / 3
16. severe retraction locations:
ANSWER: supraclavicular, suprasternal, sternal
- head bobbing is a sign of
ANSWER: deterioration/respiratory failure
- seesaw breathing
ANSWER: upper airway obstruction usually, sometimes severe lower airway
obstruction, lung disease, !neuromuscular weakness!. very ineffecient way of breathing
- minute ventilation =
ANSWER: RR x tidal volume
- grunting is a sign of
ANSWER: lung tissue disease resulting from small airway collapse, alveolar
collapse or both. may indicate severe respiratory distress or failure!
21. normal pediatric heart rates: neonate
ANSWER: awake - 100-205, sleeping - 90-160 infant: awake - 100-180, sleeping - 90-160
toddler: awake - 98-140, sleeping - 80-120
preschooler: awake - 80-120, sleeping, 65100
school age child: awake - 75-118, sleeping 58-90
adolescent: awake - 60-100, sleeping 50-90
- exaggeration of the difference in quality between central and peripheral
pulses occurs with
ANSWER: peripheral vasoconstriction is associated with shock
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