NUR 2063 Pathophysiology Exam 1 STUDY GUIDE ( UPDATED 2023 )
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1. Diffusion:
movement of solutes towards lower solute concentrations
2. Facilitated diffusion:
movement of solutes towards higher concentrations us ing a carrier molecule
3. Osmosis:
passive movement of water/solvent across membrane towards high- er concentrations (osmotic pressure) between interstitial and intracellular compart- ments
4. Active transport:
movement against concentration gradient uses energy (ATP)
5. Energy (ATP):
comes from breaking down glucose, triglycerides, or protein (when nothing else is available)
6. Cell proliferation:
occurs when cells divide and reproduce
7. Mitosis:
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase) and meiosis
8. Cell differentiation:
occurs when cells become specialized
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9. Stem cells:
are less differentiated, allowing them to differentiate and fill different roles as needed
10. Nucleus:
Stored genetic code helps nucleus act as control center
11. Cytoplasm:
Place for cell work Comprised of water, electrolytes, protein, neutral fats, and glycogen Holds organelles such as nuclei in the cell
12. Ribosomes:
Site of protein synthesis (does not sort or package protein) Some free floating, others attached to rough ER
13. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER):
Matrix of paired membranes and vesicles Tubular communication system Location of cell metabolic activity
14. Rough ER:
produces membrane proteins and enzymes
15. Smooth ER:
synthesizes lipids, lipoproteins, steroids; regulates intracellular Ca, metabolism, and detoxification.
16. Mitochondria:
Produce power using aerobic metabolism to create ATP (Ener- gy)
17. Epithelial tissue:
acts as a barrier (simple or stratified) Tightly packed cells (squamous, cuboidal, 2 / 3
and columnar)
18. Connective tissue:
supports and connects other tissues Cells suspended in extracellular matrix (loose or dense)
19. Muscle tissue:
contracts to enable body movement Consists of cell fibers with contractile proteins (actin and myosin)
20. Nervous tissue:
senses, processes, and responds to stimuli Consists of neu- rons and neuroglia
21. Atrophy:
lowers functionality Decreasing workload diminishes organelle size and lowers energy usage
22. Hypertrophy:
lowers functionality Increasing workload increases organelle size and contractility
23. Hyperplasia:
compensatory and hormonal): increases functionality Increasing workload
increases tissue size due to cell proliferation
24. Metaplasia:
a pathologic replacement of normal cells with abnormal cells
25. Dysplasia:
pathologic mutation of normal cells into abnormal cells
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