NUR 160 Exam 2, HONDROS Latest 2023 with complete solution Hypokalemia and lasix - If pt is Hypokalemic, report to RN before giving Lasix Hypervolemia Causes - CKD, liver disease, cirrhosis, CHF, increased salt intake, COPD Hypervolemia Signs and symptoms - Headache, Confusion, Nausea, Vomiting, Coma Hypovolemia Causes - Vomiting, DM, fever, heat exposure, exercise, no water access, significant injury to skin Moat accurate assessment of water balance - daily weights in similar clothing, same scale, same time- plus or minus 2 lbs per day, plus or minus 5 lbs a week Potassium (K+) - 3.5-5 Hyperkalemia causes - AKD, CKD, severe injuries, supplementation Hyperkalemia signs and symptoms - muscle fatigue, weakness, arrhythmia, irritability, Nausea, death Hypokalemia causes - diuretics. Diarrhea, excessive sweating, laxatives, ketoacidosis, alcohol abuse Hypokalemia signs and symptoms - muscle cramps, abdominal distention, constipation, arrhythmia Renal Pt Diet - low potassium-no potatoes, oranges, bananas, leafy green veggies, apples, avocados Sodium (Na+) - 135-145 Hypernatremia Causes - too much salt, rapid infusion of saline, antacids, increased dairy consumption Hypernatremia signs and symptoms - decreased urinary output, firm rubbery tissue turgor, restlessness, agitation, confusion, flushed skin Hyponatremia Causes - Diarrhea, gastric suctioning, sweating, Vomiting, low sodium intake, burns, edema/ascites, small bowel obstruction 1 / 2
Hyponatremia signs and symptoms - muscle weakness, fatigue, Headache, restlessness, irritability, hypotension, Nausea, vomiting Magnesium (MG+) - 1.5-2.5 Hypermagnesemia Causes - Tums, CKD, diabetic ketoacidosis Hypermagnesemia signs and symptoms - weakness, hypotension, Vomiting, Nausea, coma, death Hypomagnesemia Causes - alcoholism, decreased intake of vitamin D, poor absorption Hypomagnesemia Signs and symptoms - seizures, Increased DTR, arrhthmias, agitation, Nausea, vomiting Alcoholics-precautions - All alcoholics go in seizure precautions Calcium (Ca+) - 8-10 Hypercalcemia causes - supplements, calcium, immobilization, antacid, parathyroidism Hypercalcemia signs and symptoms - anorexia, N,V, decreased DTR, confusion, coma, constipation, kidney stones Hypocalcemia Causes - decreased calcium and Vit D, Diarrhea, diuretics, alcoholism, malabsorption, burns Hypocalcemia signs and symptoms - irritanility, osteoporosis, N,V,D, increase dDTR, arrhtymtias, +Trousseau sign, +Chvostek sign Trousseau sign - BP Chvostek sign - cheek Heparin - PTT Coumadin - PT/INR PH (acidosis,alkalosis) - 7.35-7.45
PO2 - 80-100
PCO2 (Carbon Dioxide) - 35-45 SaO2 - 80-100
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