NSG 533 (NSG533) Exam 1| Advanced Pharmacology| Questions and Verified Answers Graded A+ | Wilkes What are the five essential components of pathophysiology? - ANSWER 1. Etiology (Causative mechanisms)
- Epidemiology (risk factors and distribution in populations)
- Pathogenesis (disease mechanism)
- clinical manifestations (signs, symptoms and diagnostic criteria)
- Outcomes (cure, remission, chronicity, or death)
The "why" of disease- what is the reason for it- what caused it to happen? May be simple/complex. - ANSWER etiology Looks at the pattern of disease among groups or aggregates or populations. This component of disease represents the relationship between numerous population characteristics (e.g. age, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, geographic location) and the incidence and prevalence of disease. - ANSWER Epidemiology 1 / 3
Involves the sequence of events that occurs between the stimulus event(s) and the manifestations of the disease. - ANSWER pathogenesis Tell an individual and their health care provider that something is wrong. e.g. Signs and symptoms - ANSWER Clinical manifestations Are relatively easy to understand if you review their definitions (cure, remission, chronicity, or death) - ANSWER Outcomes What are the 4 common mechanisms that characterize all cell injury and death? Give 2 examples of each. - ANSWER 1. ATP depletion- Ischemia and Anemia
- Oxygen and oxygen-derived free radicals- Chemical and radiation injury, ischemia reperfusion
- intracellular calcium and loss of calcium steady state- Ischemia and certain chemicals
- Defects in membrane permeability- Certain medications that can lead to liver or kidney
injury, microbial killing by phagocytes, and cellular aging
damage 2 / 3
The disease mechanism that is the basis of much of the disease today- and most of the cases involve hypoxia. Refers to the inability of the cell to produce adequate energy to fuel normal activities of that particular cell type (cell membrane pumps and protein synthesis) and function.
- ANSWER ATP depletion
- The amount of ATP production within the mitochondria declines
- The drop in ATP causes NA-K- ATPase pump on CM to fail. Which then leads to increase in
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A very inefficient method of ATP production (yields 2 ATP) - ANSWER glycolysis Is a very efficient method of ATP production (yields 36 ATP) - ANSWER Oxidative Phosphorylation What is the most common method of impairing oxygen and ATP production? - ANSWER hypoxia Can lead to irreversible cell injury directly through impairment of energy production in the cell. - ANSWER Ischemia What are the cellular events that occur with ischemia-induced- hypoxic injury? - ANSWER
NA+,H2O, and Ca+ in cell and decrease in K+ in cell.