NSG 533 Module 2 + 3 Latest Update 2024-2025 Actual Exam Questions and 100% Verified Correct Answers Guaranteed A+
ADH secretion - CORRECT ANSWER: initiated by a change in plasma osmolality or
decreases circulating blood volume/blood pressure
Anion Gap - CORRECT ANSWER: (Na + K) - (Cl + HCO3); a normal anion gap 16 plus
or minus 2 (14-18)
clinical manifestations of hyperkalemia - CORRECT ANSWER: muscle weakness or
paralysis, arrthymias - tall Ts, prolonged QTs
clinical manifestations of hypervolemia - CORRECT ANSWER: cerebral edema with
confusions and convulsions, weakness, nausea, muscle twitching, headache and weight gain
clinical manifestations of hypokalemia - CORRECT ANSWER: neuromuscular
excitability decreased - muscle weakness, muscle atony, constipations, intestinal intention, anorexia, vomiting, paralytic plus, AV block, T wave decreased - U wave, ST segment depression
clinical manifestations of hyponatremia - CORRECT ANSWER: behavioral and
neurologic changes, lethargy, headache, confusion, apprehension, seizures, and coma, weight gain, edema, JVD, and ascites
Clinical manifestations of hypovolemia - CORRECT ANSWER: dehydration - thirst,
headache, dryness of skin, decreased urinary output, elevated temp, weight loss, rapid heard rate, flattened neck veins, weak pulse
correction of hypernatremia - CORRECT ANSWER: isotonic salt-free solution, D5 in H20
dilution hypotonic hyponatremia - CORRECT ANSWER: water intoxication, occurs
when a large amount of free water which dilutes sodium; due to tap water enemas, drowning, SSRI use, and SIADH
effective osmoles - CORRECT ANSWER: solutes capable of changing the tonicity; e.g.sodium, glucose, mannitol and sorbitol
Euvolemic hypernatremia - CORRECT ANSWER: most common, occurs when there is
a loss of free water with a near normal body sodium, due to inadequate water intake, excessive sweating, fever, burns, diarrhea, nephrogenic diabetes 1 / 2
euvolemic hyponatremia - CORRECT ANSWER: loss of sodium without significant loss of water, due to inadequate sodium intake, use of diuretics
Fluid Volume Deficit - CORRECT ANSWER: Hypovolemia, water deprivation -
confusion, coma, inability to communicate, loss of thirst, water loss - diarrhea, diabetes insipid, excessive diuresis.
fluid volume excess - CORRECT ANSWER: hypervolemia, due to compulsive water
drinking, renal failure, congestive heart fails, cirrhosis
hydrostatic pressure - CORRECT ANSWER: results in H20 movement out of the
capillary
Hypercalcemia - CORRECT ANSWER: Ca+ > 12, due to hyperparathyroidism, bone
metastases with Ca+ reabsorption from breast, prostate, cervical ca, or hematologic malignancy, excess vitamin D
hypercalcemia clinical manifestations - CORRECT ANSWER: fatigue, weakness,
anorexia, nausea, constipation, behavioral changes, "stones, groans, moans, bones", shortened QT segment, depressed winded T waves, Brady cardia, heart block
hyperkalemia - CORRECT ANSWER: shift of potassium from cells to ECF, K+ level
>4.5, due to cell trauma, acidosis, insulin deficiency, cell hypoxia, burns, massive crashing injuring, extensive surgeries, decreased renal excretion, potassium sparing diuretics
hypernatremia causes - CORRECT ANSWER: excessive hypertonic salt solutions,
hyperaldoesteronism, Cushing syndrome, loss of wate, Na+ level >145
hypertonic - CORRECT ANSWER: volume depletion or volume excess with increased
osmolality
hypervolemic hyponatremia - CORRECT ANSWER: occurs with both TBW and sodium
levels are increased, due to congestive heart failure, cirrhosis of liver, and nephrotic syndrome, edema is present
hypocalcemia - CORRECT ANSWER: Ca+ level <8.5 and ionized <4, due to low green leafy vegetables, blood transfusions, decrease in PTH or vitamin D
hypocalcemia clinical manifestations - CORRECT ANSWER: increased neuromuscular
excitability, confusion, paresthesia around mouth and digits, carpopedal spams, hyperreflexia, Chovestek's sign and Trosseau sign
hypokalemia - CORRECT ANSWER: movement of potassium into the cells, potassium
loss in the body, K+ level <3.5
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