NSG 533 Exam 3: Questions & Answers
what are plaques that rupture called?(Ans- complicated plaques
what happens when a plaque ruptures?(Ans- platelet adhesion, clotting cascade, rapid thrombus formation --> occlusion of vessel --> ischemia or infarction of vessel
list the acute coronary syndromes (Ans- unstable angina, NSTEMI, STEMI
what is an acute coronary syndrome?(Ans- sudden coronary obstruction caused by thrombus formation over arteriosclerotic plaque
manifestations of unstable angina (Ans-
- emergency
- reversible myocardial ischemia w/ some myocardial damage
- arteriosclerotic plaque has become a complicated lesion
- ECG abnormalities
- treat w/ nitrates, anticoagulants, and antithrombotic
ECG abnormalities of Unstable Angina (Ans- ST Depression T wave inversion
manifestations of stable angina (Ans-
- chest pain relieved by rest and nitrates
- d/t buildup of lactic acid
- pallor, diaphoretic, dyspnea, substernal chest discomfort 1 / 3
define myocardial infarction (Ans- loss of coronary blood flow for an extended period of time that results in myocyte necrosis
two types of MI (Ans- STEMI, NSTEMI
s/s STEMI (Ans-
- cold, anxious
- ECG abnormalities
- elevated CK, CK-MB
- elevated myoglobin
- elevated troponin
- elevated LDH-1
ECG abnormalities STEMI (Ans-
- ST elevation
- T wave inversion
ECG abnormalities NSTEMI (Ans-
- ST depression
- T wave inversion
pathophysiology of acute coronary syndromes (Ans- atherosclerotic plaques with thin fibrous cap and lipid-rich core are prone to rupture
force, inflammation, apoptosis, or enzymes cause the plaque to rupture
platelet activation and adherence, production of thrombin and vasoconstrictors for a thrombus 2 / 3
acute decrease in coronary blood flow resulting in unstable angina or MI
complications of myocardial infarction (Ans- dysrhythmias, LV failure, RV infarction, cardiogenic shock, pericarditis, LV aneurysm
isolated systolic hypertension (Ans- a condition most commonly seen in the older adult in which the systolic pressure is greater than 140 mm Hg and the diastolic pressure is within normal limits (less than 90 mm Hg)
primary/idiopathic hypertension (Ans- most common of HTN diagnoses, no specific cause known
secondary HTN (Ans- caused by underlying disease or medication that raises PVR or cardiac output
what are some medications that may raise PVR or cardiac output?(Ans- oral contraceptives, antihistamines, corticosteroids
risk factors for HTN (Ans- obesity, diabetes, increased age, black males, family hx
American College of Cardiology blood pressure categories:
(Ans-
Normal: <120 ; <80
Elevated: 120-129 ; > 80
Stage 1: 130-139 ; 80-89
Stage 2: >140 ; >90
HTN Crisis: >180 ; >120
- / 3