NSG 533 Exam 1 Study Guide: Questions

NSG 533 Exam 1 Study Guide: Questions &

Answers

define cell necrosis (Ans-

• irreversible injury
• rapid plasma membrane structure loss
• organelle swelling
• mitochondrial dysfunction

what happens in cell necrosis (Ans-

• cell membrane is ruptured
• leakage of cell contents
• ATP is lost
• organelles swell
• severe mitochondrial damage
• local inflammation

define apoptosis (Ans- programmed cell death; not associated with inflammation

list the three mechanisms of apoptosis (Ans-

1. apoptosis triggered by internal signals: mitochondrial pathway

2. apoptosis triggered by external signals: death receptor pathway

• apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF)

describe the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis (Ans-

• outer membrane of cells have a protein called Bcl-2, which inhibits

apoptosis 1 / 3

• internal cell damage results in a protein called Bax to go to the surface

and block Bcl-2

• Bax punches holes in the mitochondrial membrane
• cytochrome c leaks out and binds to Apaf-1 (apoptosomes)
• apoptosomes bind to and activate caspase 9
• initiates cascade of caspases
• destruction of structural proteins and degradation of chromosomal DNA
• phagocytosis

describe the death receptor pathway of apoptosis (Ans-

• FAS and TNF are death receptor proteins on the cell membrane
• Fasl activates FAS and TNF by binding them to a ligand
• activation triggers caspase 8
• initiates cascade of caspases
• phagocytosis

describe apoptosis inducing factor (Ans-

• cell receives signal that it is time to die
• AIF is released from mitochondria
• AIF migrates to the nucleus and binds to DNA
• triggers destruction of cell death

what are two viruses that "trick" apoptosis?(Ans-

1. HPV

• Epstein Barr Virus

list five examples of cell adaptation (Ans-

• atrophy
• metaplasia
• dysplasia
• hypertrophy 2 / 3

• hyperplasia

define atrophy in cell adaptation (Ans- when there is decreased work demand, the cell decreases in size to work at a more efficient level

define metaplasia in cell adaptation (Ans- response to chronic irritation in which a cell that is better able to survive replaces the original cell

define dysplasia in cell adaptation (Ans- maladaptation; deranged cell growth and differentiation within a specific tissue; precursor of cancer

define hypertrophy in cell adaptation (Ans- when there are increased work demands, the cell increases in size

define hyperplasia in cell adaptation (Ans- an increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue that is capable of mitotic division

aging is thought to be the result of:

(Ans-

• faulty DNA repair mechanisms
• reduced antioxidants

define intracellular fluid (Ans- all the fluid within the cells (2/3 of total body water)

define extracellular fluid (Ans- all the fluid outside of the cells (1/3 of total body water)

what makes up extracellular fluid (Ans-

• interstitial fluid (3/4)
• / 3