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NSG 533 ADVANCED PHARM
EXAM 2 LATEST GUIDE WITH
COMPLETE
SOLUTION/ADVANCED
PHARMACOLOGY FINAL E XAM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWER S(100%
VERIFIED)
Question : pain
Correct answer: the most common symptom prompting
patients to visit primary care providers. More than 80% of patients who visit physicians report pain. Often remains under treated.
Question : nociceptive pain
Correct answer: pain from a normal process that results in
noxious stimuli being perceived as painful. Explained by ongoing tissue injury.thermal, mechanical and chemical nociceptors that engage "withdrawal" reflex followed by inflammatory response to protect injured tissue
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Question : functional pain
Correct answer: pain sensitivity due to an abnormal
processing or function of the central nervous system in response to normal stimuli
Question : neruopathic pain
Correct answer: Pain caused by lesions or other damage
to the nervous system.
Question : Diabetic peripheral neuropathy
Correct answer: progressive deterioration of nerve
function that results in loss of sensory perception
Question : acute pain
Correct answer: is pain that occurs as a result of injury or
surgery, under 3 months. Poorly treated acute pain can cause psychological stress and compromise the immune system. Somatic acute pain is an injury to skin, bone, joint, muscle and connective tissue. Visceral pain
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involves injury to nerves on internal organs. Treat
aggressively. Examples: cut hand, menstrual cramps.
Question : chronic pain
Correct answer: can be intermittent or persistent, more
than 3 months. Main affects include a) effects on physical function b) psychological changes c) social consequences and d) societal consequences. Usually involving life threatening diseases such as cancers, aids, progressive neurological diseases, end stage organ failure, dementia.Management should be multimodal with cognitive interventions, physical manipulations, pharmacological agents, surgical interventions, and regional or spinal anesthesia.
Question : chronic malignant pain
Correct answer: Painn is associated with a progressive
life-threatening disease like cancer, aids, neurologic diseases, end stage organ failure, and dementia. Goal is pain alleviation and prevention. Dependence or addiction is not a concern. Pain not associated with life threatening disease and lasting more than 6 months beyond the
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healing period is referred to as "chronic nonmalignant pain."
Question : What are some non-pharmacological
approaches to pain?
Correct answer: imagery, distraction, relaxation,
psychotherapy, biofeedback, cognitive behavioral therapy, support groups, and spiritual counseling.Physical therapy, heat, cold, water, ultrasound, TENS, massage and therapeutic exercise.
Question : WHO 3 step analgesic ladder
Correct answer: * 1- nonopioid
- - opioid for mild to moderate pain
- - opioid for moderate to severe pain