NR 546 Week 7
Neurotransmitters related to ADHD (Ans- dopamine and norepinephrine
ADHD Across the Lifespan (Ans- Symptoms change with age.Not only a childhood diagnosis Hyperactivity decreases markedly with age
Primary Symptoms: inattention, restlessness, cognitive & emotional
impulsivity, executive functioning deficits, and self-regulation Adults struggling with executive functioning difficulties and disorganization may experience occupational stress or anxiety.
Neuroanatomy of ADHD (Ans- Specific ADHD symptoms may arise from abnormalities within circuits in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), which affect executive function.
Neural Networks of ADHD (Ans- symptoms often become noticeable - 6-7 old Due to abnormalities in the prefrontal cortex circuits or errors in the synaptic pruning process.Modulated by the corticostriatal-thalamocortical (CSTC) loop, the same loop that is associated with anxiety. ADHD is an alternative diagnosis to consider when clients present with anxiety symptoms.
Neural Signaling of ADHD (Ans- Norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) are associated with inefficient information processing in the prefrontal circuits. ADHD medications commonly target both dopamine and norepinephrine.Stimulants, including stimulant medications, caffeine, and nicotine enhance DA release and arousal.
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Why does atomoxetine lack abuse potential?(Ans- It increases dopamine levels in the prefrontal cortex but not in the nucleus accumbens.
Which of the following accurately explains the effects of different stimulant formulations on neuronal firing?(Ans- Pulsatile stimulation amplifies undesirable phasic DA and NE firing, which can lead to euphoria and abuse.
Chris is a 44-year-old client presenting with comorbid alcohol abuse, generalized anxiety, and ADHD. Which disorder should be treated first?(Ans- Alcohol abuse
Stimulants (Ans- stimulate the release of NE and DA or boost the firing of associated neurons may help improve information processing.effective for 70-80% of clients with ADHD first choice of medications for children schedule II controlled substances no refills permitted
Nonstimulants (Ans- work by selective inhibition of presynaptic norepinephrine reuptake in the prefrontal cortex and enhancement of norepinephrine neurotransmission.help lower distractibility and improve attention, working memory, and impulsivity.low risk of abuse or diversion often prescribed for adults with ADHD
Methylphenidate (Ans- Low risk of adverse effects
Available formulations:
Ritalin- available in immediate release (IR) and extended release (XR)
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