N224 MS Exam 2 – Questions And Answers Cancellous tissue - ✔️ large spaces filled with red and yellow marrow hematopoisesis - ✔️ production of blood cells Osteoblasts - ✔️ Bone building cells also bone repair Osteoclasts - ✔️ break down bone Phosphate levels - ✔️ 3-4.5 mg/dL Calcium levels - ✔️ 9-10.5 mg/dL Relationship between phosphate and calcium - ✔️ inverse Alkaline phosphate levels - ✔️ 30-120 units/L *Increased levels may indicate bone cancer or Paget's* Vitamin D levels - ✔️ RDA 400 IU/D *Promotes calcium and phosphate reuptake*
Creatine Kinase levels - ✔️ Female: 26-140 units/L
Male: 38-174 units/L
AST levels - ✔️ 0-35 units/L *Increase may indicate trauma or muscular dystrophy* ALD levels - ✔️ 3-8.2 units/dl *increase may indicate muscular dystrophy* LDH levels - ✔️ 100-190 units/L *increase may indicate with skeletal necrosis, cancer, or muscular dystrophy* Arthrography - ✔️ study of joint, air, or contrast Arthroscopy - ✔️ look into the joint, may include biopsy 1 / 2
Biopsy - ✔️ done for bone infection and diagnosis of cancer or muscular dystrophy Myelogram - ✔️ spinal puncture, contrast injected into subarachnoid space *use is decreasing as use of CT and MRI increase* What must be obtained before any diagnostic procedure? - ✔️ Informed consent What should be assessed after any invasive diagnostic procedure? - ✔️ Neurovascular assessment *Pulse, Color, Temperature* Electromyography (EMG) - ✔️ Low electrical current passes through flat electrodes placed along nerves What must be assessed before EMG with use of needles? - ✔️ Assess for hematomas Ask about OTC herbal meds *May alter coagulation* Bone scan - ✔️ Radionuclide test, radioactive material injected to visualize skeleton *Good for hairline fractures* Galium/ Thalium Scans - ✔️ Isotopes travel to brain, lung, or breasts *Used when disease is suspected* What should be assessed for prior to a CT exam with contrast? - ✔️ Allergies to iodine and seafood
Three degrees of strains - ✔️ 1st: mild inflammation
2nd: tearing of muscle or tending fibers
3rd: ruptured muscle or tending with separation
Treatment for sprains - ✔️ RICE (rest, ice, compression, elevation) Bursitis - ✔️ Inflammation of fluid filled sacs in joints
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