Module 2 - Animal Physiology Questions with Complete Solutions (Latest 2025) homeostasis - Correct Answers ✅maintenance of stable conditions allostasis - Correct Answers ✅process that enables homeostasis (negative feedback loop) form and function - Correct Answers ✅the shape of an object and how it relates to what it does. Form changes evolve over time as functions change.
ex: cheetah has thin legs for speed and lion has thick legs for
power allometric scaling - Correct Answers ✅how proportions differ (tinker with body plan) August Krogh model - Correct Answers ✅for every biological question there is an organism on which it can be most conveniently what are the levels of organization? - Correct Answers ✅atoms, compounds, molecules, cell, tissue, organ, organ systems, organisms 1 / 4
Module 2 - Animal Physiology Questions with Complete Solutions (Latest 2025) hormones - Correct Answers ✅long distance chemical messengers (signals travel through lymph or blood that act on tissues far away) endocrine system - Correct Answers ✅all hormone- secreting cells of an organism composed of endocrine/neuroendocrine glands that secrete hormones/neurohormones into body fluids local regulators - Correct Answers ✅These regulators influence cells in their vicinity of them never enter circulatory systen=m pheromones - Correct Answers ✅they leave the organism and act at a distance on another organism odourless chemicals that serve as social signals to members of one's species Nitric oxide (NO) - Correct Answers ✅acts as a neurotransmitter (by altering synaptic function) dilates capillaries kills cancerous cells and bacteria 2 / 4
Module 2 - Animal Physiology Questions with Complete Solutions (Latest 2025) what are the three types of signalling strategies? - Correct
Answers ✅1. autocrine: self signalling
2. paracrine: signals affect nearby cells
3. endocrine: long-distance signaling by hormones
what are the four groups hormones are divided into based on their chemical structure? - Correct Answers ✅1. amino acids
- peptides
- steroids
- fatty acid
amino acids: example, unique properties - Correct Answers
✅example: dopamine adrenaline
unique properties: soluble in blood, plasma membrane
receptors therefore, made by enzyme
peptide hormones: example, unique properties - Correct
Answers ✅example: insulin
unique properties: coded by genes
steroids: example, unique properties - Correct Answers ✅(-
one)
example: testosterONE 3 / 4
Module 2 - Animal Physiology Questions with Complete Solutions (Latest 2025)
unique properties: lipid soluble, cytoplasmic receptors, carrier
proteins in blood
fatty acid: example, unique properties - Correct Answers
✅example: lipid soluble juvenile hormone
unique properties: mostly in insects, made by enzymes
signal synthesis - Correct Answers ✅peptide hormones are synthesized as inactive precursors (always there) (pheromones require cleavage for activism + calcium in the cytoplasm to trigger release) signal transduction pathway - Correct Answers ✅when extracellular signals produce one or more effects in the structure, function, or the gene expression profile of the target cell what are the 5 steps of transduction pathways? - Correct Answers ✅(STRTR)
1. synthesis: either enzymatic or translation (peptide
hormone)
2. transport: in the blood (insoluble needs carrier proteins)
3. reception: receptor is expressed on the target cell (steroids
or others)
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