MBIO 3401 Exam 1 Zhang Latest Update 2025- 2026 Exam 375 Questions with 100% Verified Correct Answers Guaranteed A+
1st step of gram stain - CORRECT ANSWER: CV
2nd step of gram stain - CORRECT ANSWER: iodine
3rd step of gram stain - CORRECT ANSWER: decolorizer
4th step of gram stain - CORRECT ANSWER: safrinin
a bacterium tolerates a pH range of 3-10. this represetns ______ difference in h+ ion [] -
CORRECT ANSWER: 10,000,00 fold
a type of microscope that exposes specimen to UV, violet, or blue light and froms and
image with the light emitted at a different wavelength - CORRECT ANSWER:
fluorescence
ABC transporter - CORRECT ANSWER: hydrolyzes ATP into ADP plus proteins.
changes shape so that it can bind to nutrient, pops outside of cell. how cells develop resistance
ABC transporters statements - CORRECT ANSWER: require energy, used for imports
and export, largest family of transporters
acid fast stain - CORRECT ANSWER: carbolfuschion to stain mycobacterium species
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acidophiles - CORRECT ANSWER: ph 0-5. able to do this by keeping intracellular pH neutral
active transport - CORRECT ANSWER: requires energy (either STP hydrolysis or PMF), brings in nutrients aginst the [] grad.
aerobic respiration - CORRECT ANSWER: produces more energy per biomass
aerotolerant - CORRECT ANSWER: grow evenly,
alkaliphiles - CORRECT ANSWER: pH9-11. use sodium gradient to replace proton
gradient. drives roation of flgella. flow of protein and sodium is opposite, neutralizes the incracellular pH
an aquatic microbe that can only grow near the surface of the water is what -
CORRECT ANSWER: a phototroph
antione van leeuwonhoek - CORRECT ANSWER: first to observe single celled microbes
antiport - CORRECT ANSWER: 2 substrates in opposite direction. along []g (why
energy expenditure is cancelled out)
antisepsis - CORRECT ANSWER: killing or removal of pathogens from living tissues
aquaphorins - CORRECT ANSWER: moves water in and out, much faster than solution, allow how much water can be in the cell
archeal genomes - CORRECT ANSWER: resembles pros, shares features of both eu
and pro (polygenic operons, singular circular chromo, asex repro, no nuclear membrane, have eukaryotuc processes 2 / 4
assemble of new virion in DNA - CORRECT ANSWER: synthesis in nuclues (virion)
assembly of the new vrion in RNA - CORRECT ANSWER: cytoplasm. depend on the
organelles in euk
association of koch's postulates - CORRECT ANSWER: men wear larger shoes and are stronger than women. do large shoes make you stronger?
asymmetrical division - CORRECT ANSWER: two daughter cells are distinct in either morphology or function
atomic force microscope - CORRECT ANSWER: measures van der Waals forces,
example of scanning probe microscop e
autoclave - CORRECT ANSWER: pressure and mosit heat for sterilization
autotrophs - CORRECT ANSWER: fix CO2, and assemble into organic molecules.
generate their own biomass
bacterial cytoskeleton - CORRECT ANSWER: confims cell shape
bacterial genes are (shape) - CORRECT ANSWER: circular
bacterial host defenses - CORRECT ANSWER: genetic resistnace, restriction
endonuclease, CRISPR
bacterial membrane ATP synthase - CORRECT ANSWER: chemical that can diffuse to
any part of the cell, less restrictive to PMF, hydrolysis of ATP generates energy 3 / 4
Bacterial polymerase haloenzyme - CORRECT ANSWER: responsible for transcription
bacteriophage - CORRECT ANSWER: a virus that parasitizes a bacterium by infecting it and reproducing inside of it
baltiore virus classification - CORRECT ANSWER: based on genomes, makeupe and
how they generate mRNA
barophile (piezophile) - CORRECT ANSWER: creatures that prefer to live under
extremely high pressure. proteins are so well adapted they can fxn at highly condensed stae
barotolerant - CORRECT ANSWER: less extreme. can grow at very high pressure bu
also normal
batch culture - CORRECT ANSWER: large amount, invade w/phage
batch culture - CORRECT ANSWER: self contained system
binary fission is common - CORRECT ANSWER: among prokaryotes
biochemical assay - CORRECT ANSWER: measure total amount of proteiin, ATp, and
biomass. not directly correlated to cell #
biofilms - CORRECT ANSWER: heterogenous collaborative communites that must
attach themselves to a solid surface
biomass - CORRECT ANSWER: total mass of an organism
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