Examl 3:l NSGl 300/l NSG300l (Latestl 2025/l
2026l Update)l Foundationsl ofl Nursingl Guide|l Questionsl &l Answers|l Gradel A|l 100%l Correctl (Verifiedl Solutions)-l GCU
Q:l alterationsl inl respiratoryl function
Answer:
HYPOVENTILATION
-alveolarl ventilationl isl inadequatel tol meetl thel demandsl ofl thel bodyl orl therel isl inadequatel eliminationl ofl CO2
HYPERVENTILATION
-gettingl ridl ofl morel CO2l thanl thel bodyl isl producing -causedl byl anxiety,l infection,l drugs,l acid-basel imbalance >infection:l increasesl celll metabolisml causingl anl increasel inl CO2l whichl stiml hyperventilation
HYPOXIA
-notl enoughl O2l atl cellularl level,l canl bel fatal,l canl causel cardiacl dysrhythmia
Q:l alterationsl inl cardiacl functioning
Answer:
DISTURBANCEl INl CONDUCTION -dysrhythmias:l electricall impulsesl thatl originatel froml outsidel ofl thel SAl node.l classifiedl byl cardiacl response
1.l tachycardia:l abovel 100
2.l brady:l belowl 60
3.l prematurel beat 4.l blockedl beat
-tachydysrhythmias:l decreasel COl byl decreasingl fillingl time
-bradydysrhythmias::l decreasel COl byl decreasingl HR ALTEREDl CARDIACl OUTPUT
-leftl sidedl heartl failure:
>hypoxia:l dizzy,l fatigue,l confusion,l breathless
>bloodl poolsl inl pulmonaryl circulationl causingl pulmonaryl congestion.l cracklesl inl base,l hypoxia,l SOB,l coughing
-rightl sidedl heartl failure:
>causedl byl prolongedl leftl sidedl failurel orl pulmonaryl disease 1 / 4
>increasedl pulmonaryl vascularl resistance:l Rl ventriclel hasl tol workl harderl causingl anl increasel inl oxygenl demand.l thel bloodl backsl upl intol thel peripherall causingl weightl gain,l peripherall edema,l distendedl neckl vein,l hepato/splenomegaly
-impairedl valvel function:
>hardening:l stenosisl ofl valvel causedl ventriclel tol workl harderl causesl hypertrophyl andl canl resultl inl L/Rl heartl fail
Q:l cont.
Answer:
-myocardiall ischemia:
resultsl whenl thel sullpyl ofl O2l tol myocardiuml isl inadequate >angina:l chestl pain:l leftl side,l radiatel tol Ll orl bothl arms,l jaw,l back,l neckl 5l mins.l occursl whenl clientl doesl thingsl requiringl morel O2l (eatl heavyl meal,l exercise,l stress),l relievedl withl restl orl vasodilators.l aching,l sharp,l tingling,l burning >myocardiall infarction:l chestl painl inl menl crushing,l squeezing,l stabbing.l painl alsol isl epigastricl areal andl teeth.l occurl atl restl orl exertionl andl >20l mins.l notl relievedl byl rest,l positioning,l nitro
Q:l factorsl affectl oxygenation:l developmental
Answer:
YOUNGl TOl MIDDLEl AGEDl ADULTS -exposedl tol multiplel cardiopulmonaryl riskl factors:l smoking,l unhealthyl diet,l stress,l OTC/prescriptionl drugl notl intendedl use,l illegall substances -thisl isl thel agel wherel theyl developl habitsl sol teach!!OLDERl ADULTS -calcificationl ofl valves -thickeningl ofl ventriclel wallsl andl vascularl stiffening -cilial functionl declinel leadingl tol lessl effectivel coughingl leadingl tol respl infections -costall cartilagel stiffening -alveolil expandl causingl decreasel inl SA -tracheal andl largel bronchil becomel enlarged -osteoporosisl causesl al changel inl thel shapel andl sizel ofl thel thorax -atheroscleroticl plaques
Q:l factorsl affectl oxygenation:l lifestyle
Answer:
decreasel riskl factorsl by:l exercise,l stopl smoking,l losel weight,l lowl cholesteroll andl sodiuml foods,l managel HTN
NUTRITION 2 / 4
supportsl metabolicl functions -obesityl causesl decreasel lungl volumel andl higherl demandl forl oxygen -cardioprotectivel diet:l fruit,l veggie,l omegal 3l fattyl acid,l fish,l chicken,l leanl meat,l wholel grain,l fibers,l nuts,l antioxidants -dietl managesl HTN:l fruit,l veggie,l lowl fatl dairyl productsl highl inl fiber,l K,l Ca,l magnesiuml
HYDRATION
-dehydration:l hypotension,l dizzy,l fainting,l thickenedl secretions
EXERCISE
-increasesl metabolicl activityl andl thel demandl ofl oxygenl whichl causesl increasel inl ratel andl depthl ofl inspiration
SMOKING
-linkedl with:l COPD,l lungl cancer,l andl heartl disease
-worsensl peripherall vascularl andl coronaryl arteryl disease -nicotine:l vasoconstrictionl whichl increasesl BPl andl decreasedl amountl ofl oxygenl tol periphery -secondl handl smoke:l increasel riskl lungl cancerl andl cardiovascularl disease -childrenl whosel parentsl smoke:l increasel riskl asthma,l pneumonia,l earl infection
-infants:l SIDS
Q:l cont
Answer:
SUBSTANCEl USE -riskl ofl inadequatel nutrition->lessl ironl intake->lessl hemoglobin -depressl respl center
STRESS
-increasel metabolicl ratel andl O2l demand
ENVIRONMENT
-peoplesl occupationl canl makel theml morel exposedl tol pollutants
Q:l assessment:l oxygenation
Answer:
assessl abilityl tol meetl oxygenl needsl andl maintainl cardiopulmonaryl health RESPIRATORYl FUNCTION -wheezing -coughing -SOB -dyspnea -pulmonaryl riskl factors 3 / 4
-past/presentl respl problems -pain -environmentall exposure -frequencyl ofl respl infections -smoking -meds CARDIACl FUNCTION -pain -peripherall circulation -fatigue -cardiacl rf -past/presentl cardiacl conditions
ENVIRONMENTAL/OCCUPATIONAL
-exposedl tol petl danderl orl cockroaches -examinel home,l work,l andl recentl travel
SMOKING
-smokerl orl exposedl tol secondl handl smoke -packsl perl dayl andl howl manyl yearsl (packl years)
ALLERGIES
-inquirel abtl whatl allergensl theyl arel exposedl to:l petl dander,l pollen,l mold -s/s:l wateryl eye,l itching,l runnyl nose,l respl symptomsl (coughl andl wheezing) -typel allergens,l response,l successful/unsuccessfull remedies RESPIRATORYl INFECTIONS -ifl havel flul orl pneumococcall vaccines -frequencyl andl durationl ofl infections -exposurel tol TBl andl lastl skinl test
Q:l physicall assessment:l oxygenation
Answer:
INSPECTION
-skinl andl mml color -generall appearance -levell ofl consciousness -adequacyl ofl circulation -breathingl pattern >paradoxicall breathing:l chestl walll contractsl forl inspirationl andl expandsl forl expiration >asynchronousl breathing -chestl walll movement
>retraction:l softl tissuel sinksl inl betweenl thel intercostals
>usel accessoryl muscles
PALPATION
-extremitiesl forl peripherall edema
- / 4