HnP exam 3 Latest Update 2024-2025 100% Complete 570 Questions and Verified Correct Answers Already Graded A+
Abnormal pronator drift findings - CORRECT ANSWER: In loss of position sense, the arms dirft sideward or upward
In cerebellar coordination, the arm returns to its original position but overshoots and bounces
ADA foot care recommendations: - CORRECT ANSWER: To perform the 10g monofilament test, place the device perpendicular to the skin
Apply pressure until monofilament buckles
Hold in place for 1 second and release
Anal reflex: - CORRECT ANSWER: Lightly scratch the anus on both sides
Watch for reflex contraction of the external anal sphincter
Areas for specific Nerve roots - CORRECT ANSWER: -Shoulders: C4
-Inner and outer forearms: C6 and T1
- Thumbs and little fingers: C6 and C8
-Anterior thighs: L2
-Medial and lateral legs: L4 and L5
-Little toes: S1
-Medial buttocks: S3
At rest, should muscles maintain slight tension? - CORRECT ANSWER: Yes
Basal ganglia damage causes/effects: - CORRECT ANSWER: Usually increased muscle tone Posture and gait Bradykinesia (slow movements) Involuntary movements
Basal ganglia system: - CORRECT ANSWER: Complex system of pathways between multiple areas of the brain and spinal cord
Helps to maintain muscle tone
Helps in control coordination of body movements (especially gross movements such as gait) 1 / 4
Brudzinski's sign: - CORRECT ANSWER: As you flex the neck, watch the patient's hips and knees in reaction to you maneuver
Normal: hips and knees should remain relaxed and motionless
Positive sign: Flexion of both the hips and knees
Cerebellar Ataxia: - CORRECT ANSWER: Disease of the cerebellum or associated tracts
Cerebellar ataxis gait pattern: - CORRECT ANSWER: Gait is staggering and unsteady with feet wide apart
Patients cannot stand steadily with feet together
Other cerebellar signs usually presents: dysmetria, nystagmus, and tremor
Cerebellar damage causes/effects: - CORRECT ANSWER: Decreased muscle tone Gait Coordination Balance
Cerebellar system: - CORRECT ANSWER: Coordinates motor activity Maintains equilibrium Helps control posture
Clonus: - CORRECT ANSWER: Repetitive rhythmic muscle contraction
Common muscle tone findings - CORRECT ANSWER: Spasticity: Increased with fast movements and at extremes of movements
Rigidity: Increased no matter rate of movement
Flaccidity: Has no strength at all
Corticobulbar tracts: - CORRECT ANSWER: Motor nuclei of CNS (eye, tongue, chewing)
Corticospinal tracts: - CORRECT ANSWER: Mediate voluntary movement and integrate complicated/delicate movements Stimulate some muscles while inhibiting others
Cremasteric reflex: - CORRECT ANSWER: Observed in males
Stroke the superior and medial part of the thigh 2 / 4
Describe Finger strength testing: - CORRECT ANSWER: Finger abduction: C8, T1, ulnar nerve
Thumb opposition: C8, T1, median nerve
Describe Wrist strength testing: - CORRECT ANSWER: Wriste extension: extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis (C6, C7, C8, radial nerve)
Grip (C7, C8, T1)
descriibe Reflex grading - CORRECT ANSWER: 0= absent
1+= hypoactive (reduced) 2+ = normal 3+ = hyperactive (increased) 4+ = hyperactive with intermittent or transients clonus (repetitive twitching of the muscle)
Finger-to-nose test: - CORRECT ANSWER: Patient repeats touching their nose and your index finger
Move your finger to patient must change direction an extend their arm fully
Observe accuracy, smoothness or tremors
Foot strength testing: - CORRECT ANSWER: Dorsiflexion: Tibialis anterior (L4, L5)
Plantar flexion: Gastrocnemius soleus (S1)
Function of the Basal ganglia - CORRECT ANSWER: Voluntary movement, cognition,
emotion, learning (habitual and procedural
Function of the Hypothalamus - CORRECT ANSWER: Homeostasis, temperature, heart
rate, blood pressure, endocrine control, emotional behavior, sex drive
Function of the Thalamus - CORRECT ANSWER: Relay station, regulator
(consciousness, sleep, alertness
Functions of the cerebellum - CORRECT ANSWER: Movement, coordination, balance,
posture
Glasgow coma scale: - CORRECT ANSWER: Mild brain injury: >13
Moderate injury: 9-12
Severe brain injury: <8 3 / 4
Heel-to-shin test: - CORRECT ANSWER: Ask the patient to place one heel on the opposite knee, then run it down the shin to the big toe
Observe for smoothness and accuracy
Repeat with patient's eyes closed to test for position sense
Hip strength testing: - CORRECT ANSWER: Flexion: iliopsoas (L2, L3, L4)
ADDuction: adductors (L2, L3, L4)
Extension: Gluteus Maximus (S1)
How can you determine the location of a lesion? - CORRECT ANSWER: Need to put
pattern of sensory loss together with motor findings to help locate lesion
How do you assess for coordination? - CORRECT ANSWER: Have the patient perform
the following:
-Rapid alternating movements -Point to point movements -Gait -Stance/balance
How do you check to see if cranial nerve VIII is intact? - CORRECT ANSWER: Assess hearing by -Whispered voice or finger rub -Each ear separately -If unilateral loss, perform Weber and Rinne tests
How do you check to see if cranial nerves III, IV, and VI are intact? - CORRECT
ANSWER: Inspect for ptosis (lid lag)
Extraocular movements (do the H in front of a patient)
Test for convergence (bring pen close into the eye)
How do you elicit a muscle stretch reflex? - CORRECT ANSWER: Briskly tap the
tendon of a partially stretched muscle
How do you inspect cranial nerve XI? - CORRECT ANSWER: Inspect trapezius and
SCM muscles for atrophy, fasciculations, and symmetry
How do you inspect cranial nerve XII? - CORRECT ANSWER: Inspect tongue for
atrophy or fasciculations
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