HESI A2 BIOLOGY LATEST 2023
GRADED A
Oxygen requirement ✔✔*Aerobic Respiration*- Yes, always *Anaerobic Respiration*- No, never
Waste products ✔✔Aerobic respiration - Carbon dioxide & water Anaerobic respiration - Carbon dioxide and ethanol
Efficiency in releasing energy from glucose ✔✔Aerobic respiration - Very efficient ( most of the energy is released from glucose ) Anaerobic respiration - Less efficient ( some energy locked in ethanol not released )
Some energy released as heat ✔✔Aerobic respiration - Yes Anaerobic respiration - Yes, but less than aerobic
Plant cells ✔✔Cellulose cell wall surrounds the cell membrane
Plant cells ✔✔Plastids are present - especially a green pigment called chlorophyll 1 / 4
Plant cells ✔✔Most plants do not exhibit movement of locomotion
Plant cells ✔✔Keep growing throughout their life and are localized in the apical meristem
Plant cells ✔✔Manufacture their own food by photosynthesis
Plant cells ✔✔Sense organs and nervous system absent
Animal cells ✔✔Cell wall is absent in animal cells
Animal cells ✔✔Chlorophyll is absent in animal cells
Animal cells ✔✔Vacuoles are usually absent
Animal cells ✔✔Most animals exhibit movement of locomotion
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Animal cells ✔✔Growth stops after maturation but body cells are replaced periodically. Growth is uniform and proportionate.
Animal cells ✔✔Cannot make their own food. They depend directly or indirectly in plants for their food
Animal cells ✔✔Well-developed nervous system
Muscle cells ✔✔These are usually cylindrical or spindle-shaped. They cause some parts of the body to move by contracting.
Epithelial cells ✔✔They form a layer and protect the cells below them from injury.
Red blood cells ✔✔These cells which are shaped like disco do not have nucleus. They bring oxygen to different parts of the body.
White blood cells ✔✔These cells have a nucleus. They can change their shape. They kill or engulf microorganisms such as bacteria which enter the blood stream.
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Nerve cells ✔✔These cells are very long. They carry information (impulse) from one part of the body to another.
Sperm ✔✔This cell has a long tail which helps it to move about. It can unite with an egg cell (ovum) to form a baby.
Ovum (egg cell) ✔✔This is the largest cell in woman's body. It does not move on its own. It develops into a baby if its united with a sperm.
Prophase ✔✔*1st step of mitosis* During prophase, the chromosomes are visibly separate and each duplicated chromosome has two noticeable sister chromatids. ( • Prophase: the chromosomes condense )
Prometaphase ✔✔*2nd step of mitosis* In prometaphase, the nuclear envelope begins to disappear and the chromosomes begin to attach to the spindle that is forming along the axis of the cell. (• Prometaphase: the nuclear envelope disintegrates and microtubules enter the nucleus)
Metaphase ✔✔*3rd step in mitosis* In metaphase, the chromosome align along the center of the cell in what is called the metaphase plate. ( • Metaphase: the microtubules attach to the center of each chromosome and start to pull each chromosome to opposite ends of the cell )
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