Final Exam Study Guide

NR-507 Advanced Pathophysiology

Final Exam Study Guide

Renal System

• What are the two main functions of the kidney

Review diagram for anatomical structures

Correct Answer:

• Filtration and collection

Urinary Tract pre-quiz Q's

Women are at a higher risk for the development of a UTI because of having a shorter urethra.

• True
• False

Correct Answer:

True

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Which of the following can help to prevent a UTI?

• Increase water consumption
• Use spermicides during sexual intercourse
• Taking more Vitamin D
• Douching to prevent the growth of bacteria

Correct Answer:

Increase water consumption

A symptom of a lower urinary tract infection includes:

• Flank pain
• Urgency
• Decreased Urination
• Fever

Correct Answer:

Urgency

Which of the following is true regarding a complicated urinary tract infection?

• It is usually asymptomatic
• Can be caused by a structural urinary tract disorder
• Bacteria is located mostly in the lower urinary tract
• Is associated with young adults

Correct Answer:

Can be caused by a structural urinary tract disorder

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Which of the following is a risk factor for the development of a urinary tract infection (UTI)?

• Perimenopause
• Frequent showering
• Marathon running
• Pregnancy

Correct Answer:

Pregnancy

• Where do bacteria commonly come from in UTI's
• Where can a UTI occur?
• It is more common for women to develop a UTI especially when

Correct Answer:

• Bacteria from the gut can invade the urinary epithelium to cause

inflammation and infection

• anywhere along the urinary tract such as the urethra, bladder, ureter, or

kidney

• pregnant,

sexually active, during post-menopause with estrogen-deficiency and when being treated with antibiotics where the normal bacteria flora is diminished

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• Escherichia coli can bind to cells in the lower urinary tract and hide from

the immune cells. The bacteria can form biofilms-what is this?

• Describe the pathophysiology of a UTI that can lead to septic shock or

bacterimia Note the diagram btw a male & female urinary tract (who's is much shorter)

Correct Answer:

• A biofilm is any group of microorganisms that allow them to stick to one

another and adhere to surfaces that help them survive.

• First, bacteria enter and contaminate the lower urinary tract. This causes

the colonization of bacteria in the urethra and the bladder. If the UTI progresses the bacteria can ascend to the kidneys and colonize there. At this point, the infection becomes an upper UTI. From there, if left untreated, the bacteria can spread into the circulation via the renal veins causing bacteremia

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