Final Exam: NR507 NR 507 Latest

Final Exam: NR507 / NR 507 (Latest

Update 2024 / 2025) Advanced Pathophysiology | Exam Review Questions with Verified Answers| 100% Correct | Grade A - Chamberlain

Question:

chronic kidney disease

Answer:

The progressive loss of renal function associated with systemic diseases, such as hypertension, diabetes, mellitus (most significant risk factor), systemic, lupus, erythematosus, or intrinsic kidney disease

Question:

Stage 1 CKD

Answer:

GFR 90-120

There is damage to kidney with normal or increased GFR

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Question:

Stage 2 CKD

Answer:

GFR 60-89

There is kidney damage with mild decrease in GFR

Question:

Stage 3 CKD

Answer:

GFR 30-59

There is moderate decrease in GFR

• This is a significant phase! GFR below 60- still a chance to improve function

and avoid dialysis.

Question:

Stage 4 CKD

Answer:

GFR 15-29

There is severe reduction in GFR .Once this stage is reached, progression to the next stage is inevitable, as well as dialysis or kidney transplant being necessary .

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Question:

Stage 5 CKD

Answer:

GFR <15 Needs dialysis or kidney transplant

Question:

Dialysis and so determining who is the candidate for dialysis

Answer:

Based on symptoms, kidney function, overall health status, individual circumstances

Question:

Six reasons for dialysis

Answer:

• Metabolic acidosis. (Low pH)
• Hyperkalemia, with EKG changes - peaked T waves.
• Drug toxicity (salicylates, lithium, isopropanolol, methanol, Etheline

glycol).

• Fluid overload (not responding to diuretics)/ HTN/ pulmonary edema
• Uremic symptoms - due to nitrogenous waste in bloodstream.
• Progressive loss of kidney function.
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Question:

Number one cause of ESRD

Answer:

DM + HTN combined

Question:

Why anemia occurs in ESRD

Answer:

Reduce production of erythropoietin, which is responsible for triggering the production of RBCs, rather than the lack of iron or a reduction in the RBCs

Question:

Symptoms of CKD

Answer:

•Hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia •Anemia • hyperkalemia With abnormal EKG findings and elevated T waves • Excess hydrogen ions, causing metabolic acidosis • Uremia, which can cause pericarditis, encephalitis, bleeding, and increased risk of infections (the second most common cause of death for end stage renal disease patients) • Fluid volume overload-diuretics can be used to stimulate renal function for patients in stage 1 to 3. If diuretic therapy fails, or if in stage four or five and dialysis is indicated.

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