Examl 3:l NSGl 430/l NSG430l (Latestl 2025/l
2026l Update)l Adultl Healthl Nursingl IIl Completel Guide|l Questionsl &l Answers|l Gradel A|l 100%l Correctl (Verifiedl Solutions)-l GCU
Q:l muscularl dystrophy
Answer:
symmetric!!l wastingl ofl skeletall musclel withl nol neurol involvementl -decreasedl strength,l increasedl deformityl andl disability
-types:l Duchenel andl becker.l xl linkedl recessive,l onlyl affectsl males
DIAGNOSE
-musclel fiberl biopsy -geneticl testing -ecg
TREATMENT
-corticosteroids:l canl slowl progressionl forl 2l years.l deflazacort
-diseasel modifyingl drugs:l eteplirsen
-preservel mobilityl andl independencel throughl exercise,l PT,l andl assistivel devices
-orthoticl jacket:l preventl spinall injury
-monitorl respl andl cardiacl function:
>cardiomyopathyl andl heartl attackl whenl heartl musclel isl affected
>resp:l mayl needl CPAP,l mechanicall ventilation,l orl tracheostomyl
-teaching:l ROM,l nutrition,l diseasel progression
-geneticl testingl andl counseling -stayl active,l avoidl longl periodsl ofl bedl rest!!
-limitl sedentaryl periods:l bcl ofl skinl breakdownl andl respl complications
-willl needl lifelongl nursingl andl medicall care
Q:l lowl backl pain
Answer:
-leadingl causel ofl job-relatedl disabilityl -majorl contributorl tol workl missedl daysl 1 / 4
TYPES
1.l localized:l feltl inl onel area
2.l diffuse:l feltl inl al largel area,l deepl tissue
3.l radicular:l irritationl ofl nervel root,l painl followsl nerve
4.l referred:l painl feltl inl differentl locationl thanl thel sourcel ofl thel pain RISKl FACTORS -poorl musclel tone -obese -pregnant -stress -poorl posture -cigarettel smoking -congenitall spinall abnormalityl -priorl spinall compressionl fracture -Fxl backl pain -jobl thatl involvesl lifting,l twisting,l longl sitting CAUSE
-oftenl causedl froml lumbarl regionl bcl it:
>bearsl thel mostl weight >mostl flexible >nervel rootsl thatl arel atl riskl forl injury >poorl biomechanicall structurel -herniatedl disc,l degenerativel discl disease,l osteoarthritis
Q:l acutel lowl backl pain
Answer:
-4l weeksl orl less -froml traumal orl stress
MANIFESTATIONS
-oftenl notl presentl atl timel ofl injury,l appearsl 24l hoursl laterl duel tol edemal andl pressurel onl nerve -rangesl froml musclel achel tol shooting/stabbingl pain -cannotl standl straightl up -limitedl ROMl andl flexibility
DIAGNOSE
-straightl legl raisingl test:l ifl positivel forl radicularl painl itl isl al herniatedl disc TREATMENTl
-outpatientl ifl notl severe:
>nsaids,l musclel relaxants >massage >backl manipulation 2 / 4
>acupuncture >coldl andl hotl compress
-severe:l corticosteroidsl andl opioids
-mayl needl 1-2l restl daysl atl home,l avoidl longl bedl rest -avoidl activitiesl thatl increasel thel pain:l longl sitting,l bending,l twisting -shouldl resolvel inl 2l weeksl
AMBULATORY
-educatel theml onl thel causel ofl theirl pain,l howl tol avoid,l andl strengtheningl exercises -mayl needl PTl
-teachl goodl bodyl mechanics:l especiallyl forl healthcare
-lowl heell orl flats.l shockl absorbingl insertsl -teachl theml properl sleepingl positioning,l firml mattressl -smokingl cessation
Q:l chronicl lowl backl pain
Answer:
lastsl greaterl thanl 3l monthsl orl repeatedl incapacitatingl episodes,l typicallyl progressivel
CAUSES
-osteoporosis -degenerativel diseasel
-chronicl strain:l pregnant,l poorl posture,l obese
-congenitall spinall problems -weaknessl froml scarl tissuel orl previousl injury
Q:l spinall stenosis:l lumbar
Answer:
narrowingl ofl thel spinall column -commonl causel ofl chronicl lowl backl pain
-acquired:l osteoarthritis,l rheumatoidl arthritis,l trauma
-inherited:l scoliosis,l congenitall spinall stenosis
MANIFESTATIONS
-painl startingl inl lowl backl andl goingl tol buttl andl legs -tingling,l numbness,l weakl andl heavingl feelingl inl buttl andl legs -worsel withl prolongedl standingl andl walking -betterl whenl sittingl andl leaningl forwardl -worsel inl cold -slowl progression
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Q:l chronicl backl painl care
Answer:
DRUGl THERAPY
-nsaids:l dailyl discomfortl
-duloxetinel (antidepressant):l painl andl sleepl issues
-gabapentin:l improvel walkingl andl relievel legl symptoms
-reducel weight -periodsl ofl rest -PT -exercisel andl activitiesl throughoutl thel day
-backl school:l teachl theml howl tol preventl
-complementaryl andl alternativel therapies:l acupuncture,l yoga,l biofeedback
-epidurall corticosteroidl injections -implantedl devicel thatl deliversl analgesia
-surgery:
>ifl severe >nol benefitl froml conservativel therapy >neurologicall deficitsl LOWl BACKl PAINl TEACHING -whenl sittingl placel pillowl onl lumbarl region -keepl neutrall pelvicl positionl whenl standing -sleepl onl sidel withl kneesl andl hipsl flexed -sleepl onl backl withl pillowl underl knees -nol liftingl anythingl abovel elbowl level
Q:l intervertebrall discl disease
Answer:
discsl arel betweenl thel vertebrael andl absorbl shock
ETIOLOGY
-degenerativel discl disease:l lossl ofl fluidl froml agingl causesl discsl tol losel theirl elasticity,l flexibility,l andl shockl absorbingl abilitiesl -unlessl accompaniedl withl pain,l DDDl isl al normall partl ofl aging -discsl thinl asl thel nucleusl pulpousl driesl outl -ifl thel discl isl damagedl andl thel nucleusl pulpousl leaksl outl thisl isl calledl al herniatedl disc >mcl inl thel L4-5,l L5-S1,l C5-6,l C6-7l >causesl radiatingl pain,l numb,l tingling,l decreasedl strengthl andl ROM -osteoarthritisl isl associatedl withl DDD
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