Examl 3:l NSGl 318/l NSG318l (Latestl 2025/l
2026l Update)l Introductionl tol Pharmacologyl Guide|l Questionsl &l Answers|l Gradel A|l 100%l Correctl (Verifiedl Solutions)-l GCU
Q:l betal blocker
Answer:
ACTION
-blockl betal 1l andl betal 2
-blockl catecholamines:l epil andl norepi
-decreasel workloadl ofl heartl andl oxygenl demands
Q:l atenolol
Answer:
betal 1l blocker USE -angina,l treatl andl preventionl ofl MI,l hypertension
ACTION
-blockl betal 1:l decreasel HRl andl BP
-decreasel sympatheticl outflowl tol thel periphery -suppressl thel renin-ald-angiotensinl system
CONTRAINDICATION
-sinusl bradycardia,l heartl block -bronchospasm,l pulmonaryl edema -lactation,l pregnancy
CAUTION
-renall dysfunction,l diabetesl mellitus
INTERACTIONS
-increasedl absorptionl with:l atropine
-decreasedl effectsl with:l NSAID
-increasedl riskl ofl hypoglycemia:l insulin
SIDEl EFFECTS 1 / 4
-CNS,l GI,l depressionl (rest/digest) -cooll extremities -erectilel dysl (canl causel nonl adherence) ADVERSEl AFFECTS -hypotension,l bradycardia,l heartl failure,l dyspneal (r/d) LIFEl THREATENING -bronchospasm,l thrombocytopenia,l dysrhythmial
ASSESS
-ecg,l historyl ofl depression
INTERVENTION
-teachl howl tol takel pulse -report:l lightheaded,l dizzy,l earlyl morningl insomnia,l mentall depression,l chestl pain -nol driving/operationl machinery -assistl withl ambulationl duel tol orthol hypo -weanl offl overl 1-2l weeks
*indicatel ifl dizzy,l faint:l hypo
Q:l Cal channell blockers
Answer:
antianginals
ACTION
-relaxl coronaryl arteryl spasms -decreasel cardiacl workloadl ofl heartl andl oxygenl demand **mostl effectivel inl treatingl HTNl andl anginal inl africanl americans
Q:l dilitiazem
Answer:
CLASSIFICATION
-Cal channell blocker:l antianginal
USE -relaxl coronaryl arteriesl andl peripherall bloodl vessels -decreasel cardiacl workloadl andl bringsl O2l intol myocardiuml -hypertensionl andl atriall dysrhythmias
ACTION
-preventl Cal froml enteringl myocardiall cells
CONTRAINDICATIONS
-severel hypotension,l bleedingl aneurysm,l AVl heartl block >aneurysml isl al bleedingl artery 2 / 4
DRUGl INTERACTIONS -withl digoxinl orl betal blockers:l heartl block,l heartl failure,l dysrhythmias,
-withl digoxin:l increasel digoxinl levels
-withl betal blockersl andl otherl antil hypertensives:l hypotension
CAMS
-ginsengl orl stl john:l decreasel effects
-garlicl orl hawthorn:l hypotension
SE -brady,l hypo,l edemal inl feetl andl ankles -abruptl withdrawall canl causel anginall attack
OVERDOSE
-atropine:l reversel brady
-calciuml chloride:l reversel hypol andl heartl block
**notifyl ifl dizzyl orl faint:l indicatel hypo
Q:l maintainl orl restorel circulation
Answer:
ANTICOAGULANT
-preventl clotl formation
ANTIPLATELET
-preventl plateletl aggregation
THROMBOLYTICS
-clotl destroyers
Q:l anticoagulants
Answer:
-preventl clotl formation
>prophylactic:l dontl dissolvel clotsl afterl theyl form
-usedl forl peoplel withl venousl orl arteriall disorders >myocardiall infarction >pulmonaryl embolism >deepl veinl thrombosis >stroke >cerebrovascularl accident >artificiall heartl valve >coronaryl thrombosis
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Q:l heparin
Answer:
anticoagulant USE -preventl thrombosisl (formationl ofl al bloodl clot)l associatedl withl myocardiall infarction,l unstablel angina,l pulmonaryl embolism,l prostheticl heartl valve,l DVT,l percutaneousl coronaryl interventionl (procedurel tol widenl artery) -treat:l disseminatedl intravascularl coagulationl (excessivel bloodl clottingl inl bloodl vessels)
ACTION
-inhibitl thrombinl whichl isl anl enzymel thatl convertsl fibrinogenl tol fibrin ROUTE
-IV:l acutel thrombosisl
-SQ:l prophylacticl
CONTRAINDICATION
-bleedingl disorders
CAUTION
-diverticulitis,l pepticl ulcer,l headl trauma >alll havel potentiall tol bleed -DIC -hemophilia,l hepatic/renall impairment DRUGl INTERACTIONS
-increasel effects:l NSAID,l antibiotic,l aspirin,l SSRI,l thrombolytics
-decreasedl effect:l protaminel sulfate,l nitroglycerin
SE -chills,l itching,l priapisml (sustainedl erection),l IVl sitel reaction,l hematoma AE -bleeding,l anemia,l stroke,l elevatedl hepaticl enzymes LT -HITl (heparinl inducedl thrombocytopenia),l hemorrhage MONITORl -aPTT/PTT
Q:l nursingl processl heparin
Answer:
NURSINGl PROCESS
-assess:l historyl ofl abnormall clotting,l OTC/CAM
-plan:l normall rangel ofl aPTT
-interventions:l
>monitorl aPTT/PTTl (wel wantl higher)
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