Examl 3:l BIOl 202/l BIO202l (Latestl 2025/l
2026l Update)l Humanl Anatomyl andl Physiologyl IIl Guide|l Questionsl &l Answers|l Gradel A|l 100%l Correctl (Verifiedl Solutions)-l GCU
Q:l Whatl isl thel differencel betweenl thel nasopharynx,l oropharynx,l andl laryngopharynx?
Answer:
*Nasopharynx:*l onlyl airl passage,l softl palatel andl uvulal blockl whilel swallowing
*Oropharynx:*l bothl foodl andl airl pass
*Laryngopharynx:*l justl belowl epiglottis
Q:l Whatl arel thel threel functionsl ofl thel larynx?
Answer:
1.l Providel openl airway 2.l Switchingl mechanisml forl foodl andl air 3.l Voicel productionl (housesl vocall cords)
Q:l Whatl arel thel threel cartilagesl associatedl withl thel larynx?
Answer:
Thyroidl Cartilagel (Adam'sl apple) Cricoidl Cartilagel Epiglottisl (Elasticl Cartilage)
Q:l Whatl isl thel epiglottis?l Howl doesl itl "work?"
Answer:
Composedl ofl Elasticl Cartilage.l Duringl swallowing,l thel epiglottisl tipsl downwardl tol coverl thel larynxl andl protectl thel airwayl froml foodl andl water 1 / 4
Q:l Whatl shouldl youl alwaysl visualizel beforel advancingl anl endotracheall tube?
Answer:
Larynxl (Vocall Cords)
Q:l Whatl isl thel significancel ofl thel tracheal havingl cartilaginousl rings?
Answer:
Theyl keepl thel airwayl open
Q:l Whatl isl thel functionl ofl thel trachealisl muscle?
Answer:
-Controlledl byl ANS Sympathetic -increasesl diameterl ofl trachea
Q:l Describel orl draw,l inl detail,l thel bronchiolel tree.
Answer:
Trachea>Rl andl Ll Primaryl Bronchi>Secondaryl Bronchi>Tertiaryl Bronchi>Bronchioles>Terminall Bronchioles
Q:l Ifl al personl werel tol aspiratel (inhale)l al hotl dog,l whichl lungl wouldl itl bel morel likelyl tol enter?l Why?
Answer:
Rightl lungl becausel thel Rl primaryl bronchil isl morel ofl al straightl shotl froml thel tracheal andl intol thel lung
Q:l Howl dol terminall bronchiolesl andl respiratoryl bronchiolesl differ?
Answer: 2 / 4
Respiratoryl Bronchiolesl arisel froml terminall bronchiolesl whichl endl inl alveolarl sacsl w/l alveolil coveringl likel grapesl onl al bunch
Terminall bronchioles:l smallest,l lessl thanl 0.5mml inl diameter
Q:l Describel thel differencesl (inl structurel andl function)l betweenl bronchi,l bronchioles,l andl alveoli?l Whichl onel hasl smoothl muscle?l Whatl isl thel significancel ofl this?
Answer:
Bronchioles:l (nol cartilage)l underl 1l mml inl diameter,l havel al layerl ofl smoothl muscle Bronchi:l rightl andl leftl primaryl bronchil (formedl byl divisionl ofl trachea) -Rt.l sidel isl wider,l shorterl andl morel verticall thanl Lt.l Secondaryl Bronchi:l 3l onl rightl andl 2l onl left,l eachl goesl tol onel lobel ofl lung Tertiaryl Bronchi:l dividel furtherl intol 4thl order,l 5thl orderl -l 23rdl orderl bronchi Alveoli:l tiny,l moist,l multi-lobedl airl sacsl madel ofl simplel squamousl cellsl (calledl Typel Il Pneumocytes) -Thinl walll allowsl airl exchangel withl thin-walledl capillariesl ofl circulatoryl system.
Q:l Relatel bronchodilationl andl bronchoconstrictionl inl termsl ofl asthmal andl thel mainl treatmentl forl anl acutel asthmal attack.l Don'tl forgetl tol includel whichl receptorsl arel involved!
Answer:
Bronchodilation:l dilationl ofl bronchiall airwaysl causedl byl sympatheticl ANSl activationl (betal 2l receptors)- Bronchoconstriction:l constrictsl bronchil causedl by:l -Parasympatheticl ANSl Activation -Histaminel Releasel (Allergicl Reactions)
Asthma:
-Chronicl inflamedl hypersensitivel smoothl musclel inl bronchiolel passages -Responsel tol irritantsl producesl excessl mucusl inl bronchiole -Albuterol:l bindsl tol Betal 2l receptors,l causingl bronchodilation,l alsol somel bindingl tol Betal 1l receptorsl inl thel heartl resultingl inl increasedl HR
Q:l Comparel thel rolesl ofl Typel Il vs.l Typel IIl Pneumocytes.
Answer:
Typel 1:l Tiny,l moist,l multi-lobedl airl sacsl madel ofl simplel squamousl cellsl (calledl Typel Il Pneumocytes) -Thinl walll allowsl airl exchangel withl thin-walledl capillariesl ofl circulatoryl system. 3 / 4
Typel 2:l producesl surfactantl -l decreasesl surfacel tensionl inl thel alveoli -thel contractivel tendencyl ofl thel surfacel ofl al liquidl thatl allowsl itl tol resistl anl externall force
Q:l Whatl rolel doesl surfactantl play?l Wherel isl itl found?l Whatl problemsl couldl anl absencel ofl surfactantl resultl in?
Answer:
-decreasesl surfacel tensionl inl thel alveolil -foundl inl thel lungsl andl decreasesl surfacel tensionl sol theyl don'tl collapsel (water) -producel byl typel 2l pneumocyte -personl couldl sufferl froml respiratoryl distressl syndrome
Q:l Drawl thel relationshipl ofl thel structuresl thatl comprisel thel respiratoryl membranel andl relatel thisl tol thel speedl ofl diffusionl ofl bloodl gases.
Answer:
Thel thinl membranel ofl alveolil wherel gasl exchangel takesl place -Threel Layersl ofl thel Respiratoryl Membrane -Squamousl epitheliall cellsl liningl thel alveolus -Endotheliall cellsl liningl anl adjacentl capillary -Fusedl basementl membranesl betweenl thel alveolarl andl endotheliall cells -Diffusionl acrossl respiratoryl membranel isl veryl rapidl becausel distancel isl shortl andl gasesl (O2l andl CO2)l arel lipidl soluble
Q:l Whatl exactlyl isl pneumonia?l Whatl wouldl bel somel appropriatel treatments?
Answer:
-inflammationl ofl lobules -causesl fluidl tol leakl intol thel alveolil (bacterial andl mucus) -comprisesl functionl ofl respiratoryl membrane -CPAPl (breathingl machine),l albuterol,l andl antibioticsl willl treatl it
Q:l Drawl ANDl explainl thel pleurall layersl inl thel lung.
Answer:
-double-walledl membrane
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