Examl 2:l NUl 606/l NU606l (Latestl 2025/l
2026l Update)l Advancedl Pathophysiologyl Review|l Questionsl &l Answers|l Gradel A|l 100%l Correctl (Verifiedl Solutions)-l Regis
Q:l whatl arel virulencel factors?
Answer:
-toxins[l bacteriall endol vsl exotoxins] -enzymes -antiphagocytoticl factors
Q:l wherel dol bacteriall endotoxinsl comel from?l whatl dol bacteriall endotoxinsl cause?whatl dol bacteriall exotoxinsl causel andl wherel dol theyl comel from?
Answer:
bacteriall endotoxins -partl ofl gram-negativel bacteriall walll froml outerl membrane -initiatesl al hostl inflammatoryl response bacteriall exotoxins -proteinsl releasedl byl bacterial -damagel orl killl hostl cells
Q:l certainl bacteriall cellsl releasel proteinsl calledl endotoxinsl duringl growth.l T/F
Answer:
False,l exotoxinsl arel proteins,l endotoxinsl containl nol proteinsl (theyl arel composedl ofl lipidsl andl polysaccharides).l endotoxinsl arel notl relesedl duringl bacteriall celll growth.
Q:l whatl isl sepsis?
Answer:
bloodl streaml infection
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Q:l ifl itl endsl inl itis,l whatl doesl thatl mean?
Answer:
meansl inflammation,l mayl orl mayl notl bel duel tol infection
Q:l serologyl ofl infection
Answer:
-afterl exposurel tol anl infectiousl agent,l thel bodyl producesl antibodies -antibodl titerl rises
-IgM:l risesl andl falll duringl thel acutel phase
-IgG:l remainsl elevatedl afterl thel acutel phase
Q:l whatl arel thel majorl mechanismsl inl whichl antibioticsl inhibitl orl killl bacteria?l howl tol bacterial fightl back?
Answer:
antibioticsl inhibitl bacterial byl inhibiting -celll walll synthesis -proteinl synthesis -nucleicl acidl synthesis -metabolisml bacterial fightl backl by -inactivatedl antibiotics -alteringl antibitoicsl bindingl sites -usingl differentl metabolicl pathways -changingl celll wallsl tol keepl antibioticsl out
Q:l Howl dol antiviralsl work?
Answer:
inhibitl virall RNAl orl DNAl synthesis,l virall enzymes,l virall bindingl tol cells,l productionl ofl thel proteinl coatsl [capsids]l ofl newl viruses
Q:l howl tol antifungalsl work?
Answer:
inhibitl ergosteroll inl fungall celll membranesl (bindl tol forml membranel holes,l inhibitl synthesis 2 / 4
glucanl inl fungall celll walls
Q:l whatl typel ofl infectionsl arel treatedl basedl uponl thel resultsl ofl al graml stain?fungal viral bactreial parasitic
Answer:
bacterial
Q:l Bacteriall endotoxinsl comel from_______.
a.l Thel lipidsl froml thel outerl membranel ofl al Graml negativel bacteriall celll wall b.l Proteinsl froml al Graml positivel bacteria c.l Viruses d.l Nonel ofl thel above
Answer:
A
Q:l Whatl isl al hypersensitivityl reaction?
Answer:
hypersensitvityl disorderl resultisl froml inappropriatel activationl ofl thel immunel system disordersl causedl byl inappropriatel activationl arel knownl asl hypersensitivityl reaction
Q:l Knowl Typel I,l II,l IIIl andl IVl hypersensitivityl reactions
Answer:
-Typel Il arel IgEl mediatedl [e.g.l foodl allergies] -Typel IIl arel antibody-mediatedl disorders -Typel IIIl reactionsl arel complementl mediatedl [proteinl mediated] -Typel IVl reactionsl arel T-celll mediatedl disorders
Q:l Typel 1l hypersensitivityl reactionsl arel commonlyl called_______
Answer:
allergicl reactionsl [urticaria,l rhinitisl akal hayl fever,l atopicl dermatitis,l bronchiall asthma] 3 / 4
Q:l typel Il hypersensitivityl reactionsl arel calledl IgE-l mediatedl reactions.l theril antigensl arel calledl ______
Answer:
allergens
Q:l thel typicall allergensl arel _____
Answer:
proteinsl inl plantl pollens,l housel dustl mites,l animall dander,l foods,l antibitoicsl likel penecillinsl andl sulferl drugs
Q:l Canl typel 1l rxsl bel locall orl systemic?l Whatl doesl itl dependl on?
Answer:
yes,l portall ofl entry
Q:l explainl anaphylaxis
Answer:
itl isl al systemicl life-threateningl Typel Il hypersensitivityl Rxs.l Inl anaphylaxis,l al personl willl experiencel vascularl shockl duel tol vasodilation.l Histamine,l andl otherl mediatorsl causel vasodilation.l Others,l likel acetylcholinel willl causel bronchoconstriction.
Q:l Thel personl willl expressl respiratoryl distressl inl contextl ofl anaphylaxis.l Whatl causesl it?
Answer:
Itl resultsl froml thel presencel ofl anl antigenl introducedl byl injection,l insectl sting,l orl absorptionl throughl epitheliall surfacel ofl thel skinl orl GIl mucosa.l Evenl al smalll amountl ofl peanutl residuel onl equipmentl thatl hasl beenl usedl forl preparingl foodl withl peanutsl canl causel anl anaphylacticl reactions.
Q:l KNOWl THEl THEl FIGUREl 16-1
Answer:
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