Examl 2:l NU641/l NUl 641l (Latestl 2025/l
2026l Update)l Advancedl Clinicall Pharmacologyl Review|l Questionsl &l Answers|l Gradel A|l 100%l Correctl (Verifiedl Solutions)-l Regis
Q:l pnemonial patientl education
Answer:
canl bel bacterila,l virall orl mycoplasmal educationl regardingl antibioticl resistance hydration,l smokingl cessation,l andl rest symptomsl ofl worseningl statusl shouldl bel describedl (iel overl _____l perl minute) patientsl shouldl bel toldl tol expectl clininall improvementl inl 48-72l hoursl (coughl mayl takel longer)
Q:l Thel mostl commonl bacteriall pathogenl inl community-acquiredl pneumonial is: * A.l Haemophilusl influenzae B.l Staphylococcusl aureus C.l Mycoplasmal pneumoniae D.l Streptococcusl pneumoniae
Answer:
D
Q:l Thel first-linel drugl choicel forl al previouslyl healthyl adultl patientl diagnosedl withl
community-acquiredl pneumonial wouldl be:
A.l Ciprofloxacin B.l Azithromycin C.l Amoxicillin D.l Doxycycline 1 / 4
Answer:
C
Q:l Thel first-linel antibioticl choicel forl al patientl withl comorbiditiesl orl whol isl immunosuppressedl whol hasl pneumonial andl canl bel treatedl asl anl outpatientl wouldl be: * A.l Levofloxacin B.l Amoxicillin C.l Ciprofloxacin D.l Cephalexin
Answer:
A
Q:l bronchodilators
Answer:
actsl onl thel bronchiall smoothl musclel ofl thel bronchiall treel tol reversel bronchospams -decreasesl airwayl resistancel andl residuall volume -increasesl vitall capacityl andl airflow -typesl ofl bronchodilators 1.l betal 2l receptorsl agonistsl (shortl andl longl andl ultralong) 2.l xanthinel derivates 3.l anticholinergics
Q:l betal 2l agonists
Answer:
-treatl reversiblel bronchoconstrictionl causedl byl asthmal orl reactivel airwayl diseasel RAD) MOA:l stimulatel betal 2l adrenergicl receptorsl inl thel lungl tol increasel productionl ofl cyclicl adenosinel monophosphatel (cAMP)l byl activationl ofl adenyll cyclase,l thel enzymel thatl catalyzesl thel conversionl ofl andenosinel triphosphatel (ATP)l tol cAMP=l bronchiall SMl relaxationl andl reductionl inl releasel ofl inflammatoryl mediatorsl (enzymaticl effectsl tol increasel relaxationl effect) 2 / 4
workl onl morel thanl betal 2l receptorl inl lungs-l somel effectsl onl otherl bodyl systemsl suchl asl cardiovascularl system,l skeletall muscelesl (canl causel tremors),l andl centrall nervousl systeml (CNS)
Q:l typesl ofl betal 2l receptorl agonists
Answer:
shortl actingl (SABA)-l 4-6l hours -albuteroll (ProAirl HFA)*l mostl common -levalbuterol-l morel expensivel versionl akal morel selective -tetbutaline:l pregl Bl (othersl c),l acutel exacerbation/l lastl linel inl peds,l injectionsl givenl tol preventl preterml labor
LABA-l 6-12l hours -salmeterol,l arformoterol,l formoterol
ultra-lingl betal agonistsl (24l hour):l olodateroll andl vilanterol
Q:l betal 2l agonistl indiications
Answer:
bronchospam:l bronchidilatorsl arel usedl primarilyl inl thel treatmentl ofl bronchospamsl associatedl withl asthma,l bronchitiisl (acutel orl chronic)l andl COPDl albuterol-l MDIl orl neb,l canl bel combinedl withl ipratropiuml (inhaledl anticholinergicl inl combol tol treatl asthmal exacerbation).l orall rarell used,l inhaledl morel effecivel andl lessl sidel effects levaluteroll inhaledl orl neb
nol 'real'l contraindicationspl butl usel cautionl withl gastricl ulcersal orl severel cardiacl history
Q:l levalbuterol
Answer:
-selectivel betal 2l agonistl withl minorl betal 1l activity -canl havel anl effectl onl heartl atl highl seruml levels,l canl causel vasodilation,l decreasel inl diastolicl bloodl pressure,l andl refluxl increasel inl heartl rate -canl stimulatel skeletall musclesl thatl leadsl tol tremors 3 / 4
-fewerl cardiacl andl cnsl effectsl thanl somel ofl thel otherl betal agonistsl andl isl thereforel oftenl thel drugl ofl choicel forl firstl linel therapy
Q:l PKl inhaledl bronch
Answer:
longl actingl arel morel sensitivel forl betal 2l receptorsl thanl albuteroll andl hasl minorl betal 1l activity
Q:l betal 2l agonistsl adversel reactions
Answer:
-cardiacl arrhythmias -diabetes:l potentiall drugl inducedl hyperglycemial (mightl needl tol increasel insulinl intake,l morel frequentl levelsl checking) -hyperthroidism:l sidel effectsl morel likelyl tol occur,l nol reportsl linkingl albuteroll withl congenitall abnormailties ****albuteroll safel forl kidsl alll agesl
LABA:
******BLACKl BOXl WARNING:l thel risksl ofl salmeteroll andl formeteroll outweightl thel benefitsl andl shoudll notl bel usedl singlyl inl asthmal forl alll agesl (NOl LABAl ALONEl EVER) salmererol/l fluticasone=l advair,l wixela formoterol/l budesonide=l symbicort formoterol/l mometasone=l dolera 2l FOLDl INCREASEl INl CATASTROPHICl EVENTSl (ASTHMAl RELATEDl INTUBATIONl ANDl DEATHl WHENl USEDl ALONE)
Q:l betal 2l agonistl s/e
Answer:
usuallyl transient,l don'tl needl tol d/cl butl mightl needl tol dosel reduce tachycardial andl palpitations somel CNSl excitation=l tremors,l dizziness,l shakiness,l nervousnessl andl restlessness,l headaches salmeterol=l increasedl riskl ofl exacerbationl ofl severel asthmal symptomsl ifl thel ptl isl deteriorating
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