Examl 2:l NSGl 318/l NSG318l (Latestl 2025/l
2026l Update)l Introductionl tol Pharmacologyl Guide|l Questionsl &l Answers|l Gradel A|l 100%l Correctl (Verifiedl Solutions)-l GCU
Q:l adrenergicl antagonist
Answer:
blockl effectsl adrenergicl neurotransmitters -blockl alphal andl betal sitesl TYPES -alphal adrenergicl antagonists -betal adrenergicl antagonists EFFECTSl ONl RECEPTORS
1.l alphal 1:
-vasodilation,l dizziness -suppressl ejaculation -reducedl contractionl ofl smoothl musclel bladderl neckl andl prostate -pupill constriction -orthostaticl hypotension,l reflexl tachycardia
2.l betal 1l blockers:
-decreasedl pulsel andl heartl contractility
3.l betal 2l blockers:l
-bronchol constrict -contractsl uterus
-inhibitsl glycogenolysis:l causingl hypoglycemia
ALPHAl ADRENERGICl ANTAGONISTSl -drugsl thatl blockl responsel atl alphal adrenergicl receptorl sitesl
>selective:l blockl alphal 1
>nonselective:l blockl alphal 1l andl 2
>action:l vasodilate
>use:l decreasel symptomsl ofl benignl prostaticl hypertrophyl (BPH)l (enlargedl prostaticl gland) BETAl ADRENERGICl ANTAGONISTS
-action:l decreasel BPl andl pulse
-nonselectivel betal blockers:
>betal 1:l decreasel BPl andl pulse 1 / 4
>betal 2:l bronchoconstrictionl (bel carefull inl asthmal orl COPDl patients)
Q:l albuterol
Answer:
adrenergicl agonist,l betal 2l (selective) USE -treatmentl ofl asthma,l prophylacticl treatmentl ofl asthma,l treatmentl ofl bronchospasms MODEl OFl ACTION -bindsl tol betal 2l adrenergicl receptorsl inl thel lungs->relaxationl ofl bronchiall smoothl muscle->bronchodilation
Q:l atenolol
Answer:
-selectivel betal 1l adrenergicl antagonist.l ololl meansl betal 1l blocker USES -treatmentl ofl hypertension,l angina,l prophylaxisl andl treatmentl onl acutel myocardiall infarction MODEl OFl ACTION -selectivelyl bindsl betal 1l adrenergicl receptors:l suppressesl thel renin-angiotensin- aldosteronel systeml andl decreasesl sympatheticl outflowl tol periphery
Q:l cholinergicl agonists
Answer:
stimulatel parasympatheticl nervousl system
RECEPTORS
-muscarinic:l affectl smoothl musclel andl decreasel HR
-nicotinic:l affectl skeletall muscle
TYPES
-directl acting:l activatel (ach)
-indirectl acting:l inhibitl (ache)
EFFECTS
parasympathetic
-eyes:l pupill constrictl andl increasel accommodation
-lungs:l bronchoconstrictionl andl increasel secretions
-heart:l decreasel HR
-bloodl vessels:l dilate,l decreasel BP 2 / 4
-GI:l increasel peristalsisl andl motilityl andl secretions,l relaxl sphincterl muscles -bladder:l contracts,l increasel ureterl tone,l relaxl sphincters,l increasedl urination
-glands:l increasel salivation,l tears,l andl perspirationl
-striatedl muscle:l increasel neuromuscularl transmission,l maintainl musclel strengthl andl tone
Q:l bethanechol
Answer:
cholinergicl agonist,l parasympathomimeticl USES -treatl urinaryl retentionl andl neurogenicl bladderl (malfunctionl duel tol injuryl orl disorderl ofl brain,l sc,l orl nerves) MODEl OFl ACTION -bindsl tol cholinergicl muscarinicl receptorsl andl causesl bladderl tol contract -constrictsl pupils,l increasel GIl secretionl andl peristalsis,l andl bronchoconstriction
CONTRAINDICATIONS
-seizures,l activel asthma -intestinall orl urinaryl tractl occlusion,l IBS,l pepticl ulcerl (ifl youl havel anl ulcerl youl dontl wantl morel GIl secretions) -hyperthyroidism,l hypotension,l COPD,l severel bradycardia,l parkinsonism SIDEl EFFECTS -urinaryl urgencyl andl frequency -bronchoconstriction -blurredl vision -GIl effects ADVERSEl EFFECTS -weaknessl (paresis) LIFEl THREATENING -bronchospasm NURSINGl PROCESS
1.l assessment:l baselinel vitals,l healthl history,l urinel output
2.l diagnosis:l anxietyl relatedl tol wheezing,l ineffectivel breathingl patternl relatedl tol mucousl inl lungs
3.l planning:l increasel bladderl tone
4.l interventions:l monitorl BPl andl HR,l teachl patientl tol risel slowlyl afterl laying,l auscultatel breathl sounds,l monitorl forl cholinergicl crisisl (overdose),l recordl fluidl intakel andl output 5.l evaluate TEACH -goodl orall hygeine -risel slowly
-report:l dizzyl orl diffl breathing 3 / 4
Q:l directl andl indirectl acting
Answer:
DIRECTl ACTING -thel drugl resemblesl achl andl bindsl directlyl tol receptor INDIRECTl ACTING -achel inhibitsl achl froml bindingl tol receptorsl sol indirectl actingl drugsl inhibitl ache
Q:l cholinergicl antagonists
Answer:
-heart:l largel dosel (increasel HR)l smalll dosel (decrease)
-lungs:l bronchodilationl andl decreasel secretion
-GI:l decreasel peristalsisl andl motility,l relaxl smoothl musclel tone
-genitourinary:l relaxationl ofl detrusorl muscle,l contractionl ofl internall sphincter
-eye:l dilates,l decreasel accommodation
-glands:l decreasel salival andl perspirationl
-CNS:l drowsiness,l dizzy,l hallucinationsl wl largel dose.l decreasel tremorl andl rigidityl ofl muscles ANTICHOLINERGICl TOXIDRONE -blindl (mydriasis) -flushedl skin -alteredl mentall status -dryl skinl (hot) -dryl mucousl membranes
Q:l atropinel sulfate
Answer:
cholinergicl antagonist USE -prel opl medl tol decreasel salivation -dilatesl pupill forl diagnosticl exam -increasel HRl forl bradycardia MODEl OFl ACTION -inhibitsl achl byl blockingl receptors,l dilatesl pupilsl byl blockingl irisl sphincterl muscle,l increasel HRl byl blockingl vagusl stim CONTRAINDICATIONS
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