Examl 1:l NSGl 320/l NSG320l (Latestl 2025/l
2026l Update)l Adultl Healthl Nursingl Il Completel Guide|l Questionsl &l Answers|l Gradel A|l 100%l Correctl (Verifiedl Solutions)-l GCU
Q:l hyperglycemial manifestations
Answer:
**hyper:l hotl andl dryl sugarl isl high
1.l polyuria:l glucosel pullsl waterl outl ofl thel cells,l wel needl tol makel morel urinel tol excretel outl morel glucose
2.l polydipsia:l urinatingl morel causingl dehydration
3.l polyphagia:l cellsl arel starved
4.l weak/fatigue:l cellsl arel notl gettingl enoughl glucosel inl theml sol theyl arel notl gettingl energy 5.l weightl loss:l bodyl cantl storel orl usel glucosel sol itl breaksl downl musclel orl fat 6.l infection:l increasedl glucosel inhibitsl immunel andl thel glucosel blocksl wbcl froml gettingl tol thel infectionl site,l glucosel canl alsol givel energyl tol bacteria 7.l vision:l glucosel causesl increasel fluidl intol eyel causingl thel lensl tol swell LATER
1.l slowl woundl healing:l bcl changesl inl bloodl vesselsl (plaque)
2.l peripherall neuropathy:l impairedl circ
3.l pvd 4.l renall disease OTHER -fruityl breathe,l ketones -dryl mouth -numb/tingling -musclel weakness -confusion,l coma
Q:l diagnosticl tests
Answer: 1 / 4
normall fastingl (nol foodl orl drinkl forl 8l hrs)l glucosel isl <100,l normall randoml glucosel isl <129 -prediabeticl ifl fastingl isl 100-125,l randoml isl 140-199 -diabeticl ifl fastingl isl 126+l andl randoml isl 200+ CRITERIAl TOl DIAGNOSE 1.l A1Cl ofl 6.5%l orl higher -glucosel sticksl tol rbcl andl staysl therel tilll rbcl diesl inl 90-120l days -showsl glucosel balancel overl 3-4l months 2.l fastingl glucosel levell ofl 126+ 3.l classisl symptomsl ofl hyperglycemial withl randoml testl ofl 200+
4.l 2l hrl glucosel levell duringl OGTTl (wl dosel ofl 75l gl glucose):l 200
OTHERl TESTS -lipidl panel:l triglyceridesl andl Cl.l bcl DMl isl linkedl tol vascularl issues -BUNl andl CRl increase.l kidneysl workl harderl tol filterl glucosel sol wel dol urinalysis- >glucose,l proteinuria,l glycosuria->leadl tol renall failure
Q:l treatingl diabetes
Answer:
GOAL:l maintainl normall glucosel levels
-typel 1:l insulin
-typel 2:l startl wl lifestylel modificationl andl thenl eventuallyl willl needl orall antidiabeticsl orl nonl insulinl injections
1.l ABC:l managel A1c,l BP,l andl Cl
2.l Somogyil effect:l reboundl hyperglycemial inl morningl followingl al nighttimel ofl hypoglycemia,l counterl wl havingl al nighttimel snackl (MCl inl typel 1) 3.l dawnl phenomenon:l hyperglycemial inl morningl bcl ofl increasel inl cortisoll andl GHl overnight,l counterl byl givingl intermediatel actingl beforel bedl (increasel insulinl beforel bedl bcl therel isl al risel inl glucosel overl night) 4.l sickl dayl management:l shouldl bel includedl inl nursel clientl teaching.l monitorl glucosel andl mayl needl tol adjustl insulin.l checkl BSl everyl 4l hrs,l eatl atl regularl intervals,l stayl hydrated,l notifyl ifl BGl overl 300l 2x/dayl (bcl theyl canl developl DKA)
Q:l insulinl types
Answer:
short,l rapid,l andl slidingl scalel arel alll dependentl onl premeall bloodl sugarl orl amountl eatingl (1l unitl perl 15l gl ofl glucose) RAPID
-onset:l 10-15l min 2 / 4
-peak:l 30-60l min
-duration:l 3l hrs
-lispro,l aspart SHORT
-onset:l 30-60l min
-peak:l 1.5-2l hrs
-duration:l 5-7l hrs
-regular,l IV
INTERMEDIATE
-onset:l 1-2l hrs
-peak:l 6-8l hrs
-duration:l 10-20l hrs
-nph,l cloudy -givenl inl 2l doses,l thel firstl isl 2/3l atl breakfastl andl thel secondl isl 1/3l atl bedtime LONG
-onset:l 1-2l hrs
-nol peak -glargine,l detemir -vial pen
-duration:l 20-24l hrs
-oftenl givenl atl nightl andl peoplel oftenl havel hypoglycemial inl thel morning
Q:l insulinl deliveryl devices
Answer:
INSULINl PENS -diall thatl youl chosel thel amountl tol givel INSULINl PUMP -continuousl infusionl ofl insulin,l attachedl tol al catheterl placedl intol thel SQl tissuel ofl thel abdomen -hasl programmedl basall andl bolusl dosesl ofl rapidl actingl insulin >basal:l givenl continuouslyl andl canl bel adjustedl basedl onl carbs,l illness,l orl exercise
>bolus:l givenl wl foodl basedl onl carbsl consumed
PODS -deliverl insulinl transdermal **rememberl sitel rotation:l lipodystrophyl occursl whenl samel sitel isl usedl overl andl overl again GIVINGl INSULIN -pinchl skin -discardl ifl insulinl hasl particlesl suspendedl inl itl orl itl isl discolored -afterl injecting,l leavel inl forl 5l secs
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Q:l insulinl plans
Answer:
BASALl BOLUS -imitatesl endogenousl insulinl thel mostl accurately -thel basall isl longl orl intermediate -thel bolusl isl shortl orl rapid,l smalll amount,l couldl bel 1l unitl orl rapidl orl shortl givenl beforel thel meal -basedl onl glucometerl readingl beforel eating -makel surel thel meall isl therel beforel admin -rapidl actingl shouldl bel givenl withinl 15l minsl ofl foodl -slidingl scalel variesl perl person COMBINATIONl INSULINl THERAPY -forl ppll whol onlyl wasl 1l tol 2l injectionsl al day -itl isl rapidl orl shortl mixedl wl intermediate -theyl eitherl mixl itl themselvesl orl havel prefilledl pens
Q:l storingl insulin
Answer:
-canl bel keptl atl rooml templ upl tol 4l weeks -cantl bel abovel 86l degrees -avoidl sunlightl -syringesl wl twol typesl ofl insulinl arel goodl forl 1l weekl whenl inl fridge,l singlel insulinl isl goodl forl 30l days
Q:l otherl drugsl affectsl onl glucose
Answer:
1.l orall contraceptives,l phenytoin,l prednisone,l antipsychoticsl (clozapine)l andl steroids:l increasel glucose >cushingsl canl causel diabetesl bcl itl isl treatedl wl steroidsl
2.l etohl (alc):l decreasesl glucosel causingl hypoglycemia
>ifl personl hasl goodl glucosel control:l menl canl havel 2l drinks,l womenl 1
3.l b-adrenergic-blocker:l causesl hypoglycemia
Q:l somogyil effectl andl dawnl phenomenonl andl sickl dayl management
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