Examl 1:l NSGl 300/l NSG300l (Latestl 2025/l
2026l Update)l Foundationsl ofl Nursingl Guide|l Questionsl &l Answers|l Gradel A|l 100%l Correctl (Verifiedl Solutions)-l GCU
Q:l respiration
Answer:
-al passivel process,l respiratoryl centerl inl brainl regulatesl it
-inl normall adult:l 12l tol 20l breathsl perl min
-thel bodyl regulatesl respirationl byl usingl O2,l CO2,l andl Hl ionl levelsl inl arteriall bloodl -muscularl workl isl involvedl inl movingl thel lungsl andl chestl wall -duringl inspiration,l al signall isl sentl alongl thel phrenicl nervel causingl diaphragml tol contract.l abdominall organsl movel downl andl forwardl andl al personl inhalesl 500l mLl airl
-expiration:l diaphragml relaxesl
RESPIRATIONl IS -thel exchangel ofl O2l andl CO2l betweenl atmospherel andl cellsl ofl thel body -involvesl 3l processes
VENTILATION
-movementl ofl gasl froml environmentl intol lungs
DIFFUSION
-betweenl aveolil andl RBC
PERFUSION
-betweenl RBCl andl pulmonaryl capillaries
Q:l assessingl ventilation
Answer:
-requiresl observationl andl palpationl ofl chestl walll movement -alteredl breathingl tendsl tol bel firstl signl ofl deterioration -dontl letl patientl knowl youl arel assessing RESPIRATORYl RATE -observel fulll inspirationl andl expirationl whenl assessingl VENTILATORYl DEPTH -observel thel degreel ofl excursionl orl movementl ofl chestl -describel movementsl asl deep,l shallow,l normal,l orl laboredl VENTILATORYl RHYTHM 1 / 4
-determinel patternl byl observingl chestl orl abdomen -menl andl childrenl usel diaphragmaticl breathing -womenl usel thoracicl muscles -laboredl breathingl usesl accessoryl respiratoryl musclesl inl neck ASSESMENTl OFl DIFFUSIONl ANDl PERFUSION -measuredl byl oxygenl saturationl ofl thel blood -thel percentl ofl hemoglobinl thatl isl boundl withl oxygenl inl thel arteriesl isl thel percentl ofl saturationl hemoglobin -betweenl 95%l andl 100% -usel al pulsel oximeter -saturationl abovel 92%l isl good,l belowl 75%l isl criticall value
CAPNOGRAPHY
-measurementl ofl exhaledl CO2 -etco2l isl concenl ofl co2l inl exhalation -paco2l isl concenl inl arteriall bloodl -etco2l isl usedl tol measurel paco2l andl isl typicallyl 35l tol 45l mmhg
Q:l bloodl pressure
Answer:
-performedl onl alll patients.l neededl tol guidel clientl management,l determinel responsel tol interventions,l andl preventl adversel outcomes -thel forcel exertedl onl arteriall walll byl pulsingl bloodl underl pressurel froml thel heart -indicatorl ofl vascularl health -bloodl movesl froml areal ofl highl pressurel tol lowl pressure BLOODl MOVEMENT contractionl ofl heartl forcesl bloodl intol aorta 1.l systolicl pressurel occursl whenl ventriclesl contract,l forcesl bloodl underl highl pressurel intol thel aorta 2.l ventriclesl relax,l bloodl fillsl thel heart,l andl thel pressurel ofl thel bloodl inl thel arteriesl isl thel diastolicl pressure -diastolicl pressurel isl thel minl pressurel exertedl onl thel walls
Q:l bloodl pressurel reflects...
Answer:
thel relationshipl between -cardiacl output:l thel pressurel dependsl onl thel CO,l thel morel bloodl pumpedl outl thel higherl thel pressure.l COl increasesl bcl ofl higherl HR,l increasel inl BV,l andl greaterl heartl musclel contractility 2 / 4
-peripherall resistance:l bloodl flowsl throughl arteries,l arterioles,l caps,l venules,l andl veins.l theyrel surroundedl byl smoothl musclel thatl changesl thel sizel ofl thel lumen.l lumenl sizel adjustsl basedl onl tissuel needs.l itl isl thel resistancel tol bloodl flowl basedl onl vascularl musculaturel andl diameterl ofl bloodl vessels.l resistancel increasesl ->l BPl rises -bloodl volume:l typicallyl 500l mL.l generallyl remainsl constantl butl increasel inl volumel causesl increasel inl pressure.l dehydrationl orl hemorrhagel canl causel itl tol fall -viscosity:l thel thicknessl ofl bloodl determinedl byl thel hematocritl (%l ofl RBC).l thel higherl viscosityl thel harderl thel heartl hasl tol pump -arteriall elasticity:l ifl pressurel raisesl thel diameterl increases.l certainl medl conditionsl causel elasticityl tol decreasel causingl risel BP
Q:l factorsl influencingl bloodl pressure
Answer:
1.l age:
-bloodl pressurel increasesl withl age -healthyl BPl shouldl bel underl 120/80
2.l stress:
-pain,l anxiety,l fearl resultsl inl sympatheticl stimulationl causingl increasel HR,l CO,l vascularl resistance
3.l ethnicityl andl genetics:
-hypertensionl commonl inl africanl americans.l morel thanl 40%l nonl hispanicl africanl americansl menl andl womenl havel highl BP.l -assessl patientsl familyl historyl forl earlyl hypertension
4.l gender:
-afterl pubertyl malesl typicallyl havel higherl BP
-afterl menopause:l womenl generallyl havel higherl BPl comparedl tol males
5.l dailyl variation:
-lowestl BPl betweenl 12l aml andl 3l aml -betweenl 3l aml andl 6l aml therel isl steadyl rise -patientl awakesl therel isl al earlyl morningl surge -atl highestl betweenl 10l aml andl 6l pm
6.l medications:
-askl patientl whatl medsl andl overl thel counterl medsl theyl arel onl
7.l activityl andl weight:
-increasel duringl moderatel activity -afterl exercisel itl canl reducel forl severall hours -frequentl inadequatel exercisel canl contributel tol weightl gainl andl obesityl isl al factorl inl thel developingl hypertension
8.l smoking:
-resultsl inl vasoconstrictionl sol BPl raisesl andl isl backl tol baselinel 15l minsl afterl stopping
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Q:l hypertension
Answer:
oftenl asymptomaticl andl isl majorl underlyingl factorl inl deathl froml heartl attackl orl stroke -elevatedl BPl canl causel this:l 120l tol 129l forl systolicl andl belowl 80l diastolic.l butl earlyl interventionl canl stopl thisl froml developing
-stagel 1:l 130l tol 139l systolicl orl diastolicl ofl 80l tol 89
-stagel 2:l overl 140l systolicl orl overl 90l diastolic
-diagnosisl requiresl avgl ofl 2l orl morel readingsl takenl atl eachl ofl twol orl morel visitsl afterl intitiall screening -increasesl riskl ofl stroke,l heartl attack,l damagel tol kidneys,l retinas,l andl PNS
Q:l hypotension
Answer:
presentl whenl systolicl fallsl tol 90l orl below -somel peoplel arel normallyl lowl butl forl mostl itl canl indicatel illness -occursl bcl ofl dilationl ofl arteriesl inl vascularl bed,l lossl ofl substantiall amountl ofl bloodl volume,l orl failurel ofl heartl musclel tol pumpl adequately ORTHOSTATICl HYPOTENSION -whenl al personl whol typicallyl hasl normall BPl developsl symptomsl likel lightl headednessl orl dizzinessl andl al dropl inl systolicl pressurel byl atl leastl 20l orl dropl inl 10l ofl diastolicl withinl 2-5l minsl ofl standingl orl 5l minl supinel rest
Q:l assessmentl ofl bloodl pressure
Answer:
eitherl obtainedl directlyl (invasive)l orl indirectlyl (nonl invasive) -direct:l insertl thinl catheterl intol arteryl connectingl tol monitoringl equipment.l monitorl displaysl al constantl arteriall pressurel waveforml andl reading.l usedl onlyl inl intensivel carel settingsl bcl ofl riskl ofl bloodl loss -indirect:l sphygmomanometerl withl auscultationl orl automatedl oscilloscopel withoutl auscultation.l -automatedl oscillometricl devicel hasl al pressurel sensor,l digitall display,l andl al upperl arml cuff.l usedl whenl BPl isl frequentlyl takenl (clientsl criticallyl ill/unstable,l during/afterl invasivel procedure,l whenl therapiesl needl frequentl monitoring) -occlusivel cuffl comesl inl diffl sizesl andl isl proportionall tol thel circumferencel ofl thel limb.l ideallyl thel widthl ofl thel cuffl isl 40%l ofl thel circumferencel ofl thel midpointl ofl thel limb **nol clothingl underneathl cuff
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