Examl 1:l BIOl 322/l BIO322l (Latestl 2025/l
2026l Update)l Appliedl Pathophysiologyl Guidel |l Questionsl &l Answers|l Gradel A|l 100%l Correctl (Verifiedl Solutions)-l GCU
Q:l Epidemiology
Answer:
studyl ofl howl diseasel isl distributedl inl populationsl andl identificationl ofl thel factorsl influencingl thel distribution
Q:l Incidence
Answer:
Numberl ofl newl casesl ofl al diseasel orl conditionl withinl al definedl periodl andl forl al definedl population
Q:l Prevalence
Answer:
Numberl ofl individualsl ofl al definedl populationl whol alreadyl havel al diseasel orl condition
Q:l Mortality
Answer:
Numberl ofl deathsl inl al givenl population
Q:l Morbidity
Answer:
Departurel froml physiologicl orl psychologicl well-beingl andl encompassesl disease,l injury,l andl disability 1 / 4
Q:l Hypoxemicl Hypoxia
Answer:
Oxygenl isl belowl normall duel tol environmentall reasonsl orl respiratoryl disease
Q:l Ischemicl hypoxia
Answer:
tissuel isl notl receivingl enoughl O2l becausel ofl decreasedl perfusionl duel tol cardiacl orl vascularl disorder
Q:l Anemicl Hypoxia
Answer:
Oxygen-carryingl capacityl ofl thel bloodl isl reducedl duel to l -anemial -carbonl monoxidel poisoning
Q:l Histoxicl Hypoxia
Answer:
Tissuel unablel tol usel O2l becausel itl hasl beenl poisoned
Q:l Cyanidel mechanisml ofl action
Answer:
blocksl aerobicl metabolisml andl energyl production:l cellularl hypoxia
Q:l Hypoxial inl celll injury
Answer:
Powerl failurel inl celll Reversiblel tol al point 2 / 4
Q:l Brainl survivall timel ofl nol oxygen
Answer:
lessl thanl 3l minutes
Q:l Kidneyl survivall timel withoutl oxygen
Answer:
15-20l minutes
Q:l Skeletall musclel survivall withoutl oxygen
Answer:
60-90l minutes
Q:l internall enzymesl canl bel measuredl inl labl testsl tol determinel what?
Answer:
Tol estimatel thel cellularl damage
Q:l Hypoxial isl the
Answer:
decreasel ofl oxygenl tol thel cells
Q:l Dysoxia
Answer:
Tissuesl cannotl makel fulll usel ofl availablel oxygenl
-decreasedl oxygenl supply -respiratoryl andl cardiacl disordersl -increasedl oxygenl demandl 3 / 4
-sepsis,l physicall agitation,l seizures
Q:l Oxidativel stress
Answer:
al conditionl inl whichl thel productionl ofl oxidantsl andl freel radicalsl exceedsl thel body'sl abilityl tol handlel theml andl preventl damage
Q:l Freel radicall injury
Answer:
damagel tol cellsl resultingl froml reactivel oxygenl species -highlyl reactive -disruptsl pathways
Q:l Reactionl Oxygenl Speciesl (ROS)
Answer:
Oxygen-containingl moleculesl thatl includel freel radicalsl -Producedl byl metabolicl activity,l ionizingl radiation,l supplementall O2,l reperfusion
Q:l Antioxidants
Answer:
Inhibitl ROSl productionl orl neutralizel ROS -enzymes,l vitamins
Q:l Morphologicl Changes
Answer:
Size:l atrophyl andl hypertrophy
Number:l Hyperplasia
Form:l Metaplasia,l Dysplasial andl autophagy
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