Examl 1:l BIOl 322/l BIO322l (Latestl 2025/l
2026l Update)l Appliedl Pathophysiologyl Guidel |l Questionsl &l Answers|l Gradel A|l 100%l Correctl (Verifiedl Solutions)-l GCU
Q:l Functionsl ofl B12l andl Folate
Answer:
1.l Formationl ofl RBC's 2.l DNAl production-l conversionl ofl homocysteinel tol methioninel 3.l Maintenancel ofl myelinl (B12l ONLY)-l neurol symptomsl (spasticl andl flaccidl paralysis/l paresthesial ofl fingersl andl feet)
Q:l Cobalaminl (B12)l deficiency
Answer:
-l Neurologicl complications:l spastic/l flaccidl paralysis,l paresthesial ofl fingersl andl feet,l Alteredl mentall statusl -l Signsl andl Symptoms:l smoothl andl beefyl tongue,l difficultyl walking,l fatiguel
-l Dx:l CBC,l VitB12,l IF,l Homocysteine
-l Tx:l Vitl B12
Q:l Folatel (Folicl Acid)l Deficiencyl Anemia
Answer:
Al deficiencyl ofl folicl acidl resultsl inl megaloblasticl anemial withl thel samel characteristicsl asl thosel ofl Vit.l B12l deficiencyl exceptl NOl NEUROl CHANGES
Causes:l inadequatel intakel
Dx:l CBC,l Folate,l homocysteinel
Tc:l Dietaryl replacement 1 / 3
Q:l normocyticl normochromicl anemia
Answer:
Acutel bloodl loss
Q:l Normocyticl Hyperchromicl Anemia
Answer:
Sicklel Celll Anemia
Q:l microcyticl hypochromicl anemia
Answer:
Ironl deficiencyl anemia/l chronicl bloodl lossl Anemial ofl Chronicl Disease
Q:l macrocyticl normochromicl anemia
Answer:
B12l Def.,l IFl def.,l Folatel def.
Q:l sicklel celll anemia
Answer: 2 / 3
-l al geneticl disorderl thatl causesl abnormall hemoglobin,l resultingl inl somel redl bloodl cellsl assumingl anl abnormall sicklel shape.-l Causes:l Genetic:l Autosomall Recessive,l Africanl American,l Hbl Sl insteadl ofl Hbl A -l Signsl andl symptoms:l Sicklingl ofl cells-l abdominall andl bonel pain,l ulcerations,l thrombi,l infarcts,l hemolyticl crisis-l jaundicel andl hematuria,l splenicl sequestrationl crisis,l aplasticl crisis,l lackl ofl oxygenl andl dehydrationl -l Testing:l CBC:l lowl Hb,l lowl Hct,l increasel MCHC,l howelll jollyl bodies
-l Tx:l antibiotics,l hydroxyurea
Q:l Hemostasis
Answer:
stoppagel ofl bleeding
Q:l stepsl ofl hemostasis
Answer:
1.l Vasospasm-l decreasedl bloodl loss 2.l Plateletl Plug-l plateletl activation,l plateletl aggregation,l plateletl degranulationl (clottingl factors) 3.l Coagulationl Cascade-l Extrinsicl pathwayl (tissuel factor),l Intrinsicl pathwayl (Factorl XII),l commonl pathwayl (Factorl X)
Q:l vonl Williebrandl Factorl (vWF)
Answer:
-l Releasedl froml plateletsl andl damagedl endotheliall cells.-l Bindsl plateletsl tol plateletsl (plateletl aggregation) -l Bindsl plateletsl tol exposedl subl endotheliall collagenl receptorsl (plateletl adhesion)
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