EXAM 3 QA - EXAM 3 – Q&A Pulmonar Disease ✔️Ans ...

NURS 5315 UTA (Cardiac And Pulmonary) EXAM 3 – Q&A Pulmonar Disease ✔️Ans - *classified into 2 broad categories -restrictive vs obstructive

• infectious vs non-infectious

Restrictive disorders ✔️Ans - *unable to breath air in

• these ppl have low lung volumes on PFTs

*lung volumes are the amount of air the lungs contain at a given time during ventilation.*Examples= aspirations, pulmonary fibrosis, atelectasis, bronchiectasis, bronchitis, and pulmonar edema Obstructive disorders ✔️Ans - *unable to exhale the air that has been inhaled

• have high volumes on PFTs
• Examples= asthma and COPD

Infectious Disorders ✔️Ans - * Pneumonia and TB Non-infectious pulmonary disorder ✔️Ans - pulmonar fibosis, lung cancer, and pulmonary hypertension Acute Respiratory Failure ✔️Ans - * 2 main types= hypoxemia and hypercapnia

• may result from direct injury
• may be triggered by an injury or dysfunction to one or more body systems or

organs

• may occur post-operatively secondary to anesthesia or narcotics
• in either case the main dysfunction is an impairment in diffusion which

result in low oxygen levels or retained CO2

• most pulmonary diseases can cause respiratory failure as can brain or spinal

cord injuries Hypoxemia respiratory failure ✔️Ans - * PaO2 less than or equal to 50mmHg

• from inadequate diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli to the capillaries 1 / 2

• disorder examples= pulmonary edema, pulmonary embolus, and pneumonia

Hypercapnic respiratory failure ✔️Ans - * PaCO2 greater than or equal to 50mmHg

• from inadequate alveolar ventilation
• cause= depression of respiratory function from meds, abnormal spinal cord,

disorders of the medulla, disease of neuromuscular junction, chest wall injury, COPD, and obstruction or large airways.Pneumothorax ✔️Ans - * presence of air or gas in the pleural space

• air may press against the lungs and cause the lung to collapse
• 2 main types= spontaneous and secondary
• clinical manifestations= sudden pleural pain, tachypnea, dyspnea, decreased

breath sounds, and HYPPEROSANCE TO PERCUSSION Spontaneous pneumothorax ✔️Ans - * occurs in males 20-40 years of age that are tall and thin

• may occur in bleb ruptures in ppl with emphysema
• smoking increases the risk
• bleb ruptures may be at rest or exercise and in the apexes
• may be a genetic component or family history

Secondary pneumothorax ✔️Ans - * caused by trauma

• tension pneumothorax occurs when air becomes trapped and can't escape
• site of injury acts as a one way valve only letting air in
• pt may experiene a complete lung collapse
• signs are a deviated trachea, shortness of breath, and hypotension

Pulmonary Edema ✔️Ans - * accumulation of water in the pulmonary alveolar sacs

• prevents proper exchange of gas
• leads to dyspnea, chest pain, and hypoxia
• may have orthopnea or paroxymal nocturnal dyspnea
• pulmonary edema is most commonly caused by left sided heart failure
• LSHF the blood backs up into the lungs and increases the capillary

hydrostatic pressure, this pushes fluid into the alveolar sacs

• other causes are ARDS, inhalation of toxic gases, increased pulmonary

venous pressure, and damaged alveolar capillaries

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