NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology
Exam 1 Pathophysiology
Question:
What is Hypocalcemia?
Answer:
A serum calcium level less than 8.6 mg/dL.
Question:
Fluid Excess
Answer:
Fluid accumulation occur in the interstitial, intravascular, or intracellular spaces.
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Question:
Dehydration
Answer:
Total body fluid levels (mostly water) are insufficient to meet the body's needs.
Question:
Na
Answer:
(sodium) 135-145.
Hyponatremia:
Causes - Excessive H2o, Diuretics, wound drainage, vomiting diarrhea, Heart failure, renal failure, Addison disease.S/S - Tachycardia, Hypovalemia (dehydration), Hypervalemia (fluid excess) , AMS (confusion, irritability), Neuromuscular dysfunction) Hypertension and Hypotension.
Hypernatremia:
Causes - Deficient h2o, vomiting, diarrhea, excessive sweating, hyperventilation, diabetes.S/S - Neuromuscular dysfunction (weakness, seizures, headache, confusion.Hypovolemia (dehydration), Hypotention.
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Question:
K
Answer:
(Potassium) 3.5-5.0
Hypokalemia:
Causes - Inadequate intake, high excretion, Constipation, vomiting, diuretics (lasix), Corticosteroids, NGT drainage, cushing syndrome, increased K into cells.S/S - Pressance of U waves on EKG, constipation, anorexia , hypotension, irregular pulse, Tachydysrythmias.
Hyperkalemia:
Causes - High K intake, low excretion, rapid IV infusion, addisons disease, renal failure, K sparing diuretics, ACE inhibiters.S/S - Bradydysrythmias, Tall T waves on EKG, cardiac arrest, Diarrhea, Paresthesias.
Question:
Ca
Answer:
(Calcium) 8.5-10.2
Hypocalcemia:
Causes: Inad vitamin C & D intake, lactose intolerance, malabsorption, ESRD
(renal), diarrhea, acute pancreatitis, alkalosis. 3 / 4
s/s - Increased excitability of muscles, hyperactive reflexes, tingling sensation in muscles, tetany (stiffening), positive Trousseau sign, positive Chvostek sign, cramps, and tremors
Hypercalcemia:
Causes: Excessive calcium in blood, caused by hyperparathyroidism,
excessive vitamin D, leukemia/bone tumors.S/S - diminished reflexes, headache, confusion, lethargy, muscle weakness (due to decreased neuromuscular excitability), renal calculi andcardiac arrhythmias.
Question:
Mg
Answer:
(Magnesium) 1.8-2.1
Hypomagnesemia:
Causes - inadequate intake, chronic alcoholism,malnutrition, pregnancy, diarrhea, diuretics, and stress
s/s: hypercalcemia.
Hypermagnesemia :
Causes: renal failure, excessive laxative and antacid use.
S/S: Similar to hypocalcemia
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