NSG 533 Cardiovascular Pathophysiology Coronary Heart Disease and Hypertension Latest Update 2024-2025 Actual Exam Questions and 100% Verified Correct Answers Guaranteed A+
A healthy endothelium is a non-adherent surface for leukocytes and platelets.
True/false? - CORRECT ANSWER: True
A STEMI heart attack is caused when a blood clot suddenly forms and persists for how
long? - CORRECT ANSWER: Cessation of myocardial perfusion for > 1 hour
Activation of T-lyphocytes can result in the formation of molecules that do what? -
CORRECT ANSWER: Attract smooth muscle cells to migrate and replicate within the
lesion.
After reperfusion, myocardial cells show structural changes indicative of cell injury
and/or death. What are three examples of these changes? - CORRECT ANSWER: -
Explosive swelling
- Architectural disruption
- hemorrhagic areas
Aspirin and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor inhibitors are used to prevent what? -
CORRECT ANSWER: - Platelet adherence to plaques
- Initiation of coagulation cascade
- Thrombus formation with complete vessel occlusion
At what level of ATP is myocardial tissue reversibly injured by ischemia. What happens
inside of the cell. - CORRECT ANSWER: AT >60% of control.
- Glycogen loss
- Nuclear chromatic clumping,
- Intermyofibrillar edema
- Mitochondrial swelling
At what level of ATP is myocardial tissue unable to regenerate high-energy phosphate or maintain physiologic ionic gradients? What happens to the cells as a result? -
CORRECT ANSWER: ATP >20% of control
- Cell swelling
- Sarcolemmal damage
At what level of function does clinical evidence of HF present? - CORRECT ANSWER: When contraction ceases in 20-25% of the LV
At which phase in the advancement of CHD do clinical symptoms begin to present? - CORRECT ANSWER: CHD may remain clinically silent during fatty streak and fibrous 1 / 2
plaque and then present with effort (stable) angina /claudication/ after the development of an occlusive atherosclerotic plaque
Cardiac changes related to reduced myocardial supply - CORRECT ANSWER: -
Decrease in diastolic filling time (tachycardia)
- Increase in HR (compensatory)
- Valvular incompetence (necrosis/scarring)
Changes in the endothelium that result in alterations in permeability, adhesive characteristics, growth-stimulatory characteristics have what effect? - CORRECT
ANSWER: Monocyte-endothelial attachment, adherence, and transmigration so that
monocytes enter the subendothelium where they become activated and joined by T- cells
Complications of MI (7) - CORRECT ANSWER: - Dysrhythmias
- mLV failure
- RV infarction
- Cardiogenic shock
- Papillary muscle rupture
- Pericarditis
- LV aneurysm
Coronary blood flow determines oxygen supply to the heart. What are 6 variables that
can affect coronary blood flow. - CORRECT ANSWER: - Collateral circulation
- Aortic pressure/LVED gradient
- LVED pressure (preload)
- Aortic Diastolic pressure (too low, coronaries won't get blood flow)
- Heart Rate (diastolic time a.k.a. coronary perfusion time)
- Spasm/autoregulation
Define stable angina - CORRECT ANSWER: Chest discomfort caused by myocardial
ischemia, usually brought on by exertion
Describe an - CORRECT ANSWER:
Following injury, endothelial dysfunction is induced. What are 3 possible changes to the
endothelium that may lead to disease? - CORRECT ANSWER: - Alterations in
permeability
- Adhesive characteristics
- Growth-stimulatory characteristics
Give 3 harmful effects related to a fibrous plaque - CORRECT ANSWER: - Further
endothelial cell dysfunction
- Necrosis of underlying vessel tissue
- Narrowing of the lumen as lesion protrudes out from the vessel wall
- / 2