COMSAE Level 2 111 - Questions With Verified Solutions Prevalence vs incidence Right Answer - Prevalence - number of cases at a particular time Incidence - number of new cases
Odds ratio vs relative risk Right Answer - odds ratio: for case
control studies control for disease and examine exposure odds dz+ in exposed group/odds dz+ in unexposed (a/b)/(c/d) ratio is not a fraction! so the bottom number is not the total its the unaffected
Relative risk: for cohort studies that control for exposures and
examine who got the disease prob getting dz exposed/prob getting dz unexposed a/(a+b) / c/(c+d) When is an odds ratio used Right Answer - case-control studies When is a relative risk ratio used? Right Answer - RCT or Cohort study Delayed puberty in girls Right Answer - Absence of secondary sexual characteristics by age 13 failure of menarche by 16 delayed puberty in males Right Answer - no testicular growth has occurred by age 14 or no skeletal growth spurt has occurred by age 18 1 / 2
constitutional growth delay Right Answer - MCC of growth delay. growth lags behind others in same age but remains consistent. Often there is family history Will have delayed bone age Bence-Jones proteinuria Right Answer - tubular casts with foreign body giant cell reaction light chains are toxic to the renal tubular epithelium occurs in MM
Multiple myeloma CRAB Right Answer - C: hypercalcemia
R: renal involvement w/ proteinuria (amyloid)
A: anemia
B: bone lytic lesions/back pain
concave brittle nails Right Answer - spoon nails caused by iron deficiency anemia koilonychia diplopia and muscle weakness, dry mouth, dysphonia, dysphagia.Ptosis, cranial nerve palsy, and loss of accommodation suddenly after eating smoked fish Right Answer - Clostridium botulinum EMTALA (Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act) Right Answer - all incoming patients must receive a medical screening exam. ONLY after the screening has been done can a transfer be done and only if the other facility is better equipped to meet their needs muscles and their innervation that cause foot eversion Right Answer - peroneus longus
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